CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION California Activities Addressing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Guido Franco, Kelly Birkinshaw, Pierre DuVair California Energy Commission Terry Surles California Energy Commission Kyoto, Japan October 1, 2002

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Overview  California: Economy, energy use  Potential impacts to California  Greenhouse gas emissions  Some state activities addressing climate change  Energy research and technology development

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION California in Context  Size of the economy w Gross state product in 2000 was about $1.35 trillion  Population w Population grew from about 30 million in 1990 to about 34.5 million in  History of encouraging economic growth, while maintaining an aggressive record for environmental protection

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION GDP (2000)

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Our Principal Reservoir - The Sierra Snow Pack - Is Shrinking Sacramento River Runoff ( ) April to July as a Percent of Total Runoff Source: California Protection Agency, Environmental Protection Indicators for California, 2001 Warmer Winters Have:  Reduced snow pack  Earlier snow melt  Decreased Spring runoff by 10%  Major effects on water supply, Cal Fed and Delta

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Potential Impacts of Climate Change on California w Observed trend in earlier snow melts is extremely alarming w Existing models can not tell us if the state will receive more or less precipitation w Serious implications for agriculture water availability Source: Scripps Institution of Oceanography SWE = snow water equivalent “Dry” Scenario

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Potential Impacts of Climate Change on California: Agriculture  Currently first in the nation w major user of water (43%) and energy (2nd largest user)  This sector may be severely affected by climate change but more studies are needed w water availability w exotic species

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Sea Level Is Rising Along California’s Coast San Francisco Yearly Mean Sea Level ( ) Source: California Protection Agency, Environmental Protection Indicators for California, 2001  CA has already seen a 7” rise in 150 years  IPCC projects 4-35” sea level rise by 2100  Concerns over levee stability and salt water intrusion

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Potential Impacts of Climate Change on California w Increased cooling degree days are already affecting electricity demand w Increased temperatures could increase energy expenditures significantly w Exacerbated by population growth, demographic shifts

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION GHG Emission In-State CO 2 Emissions by Sector

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION California versus US Electricity Supply Geoth. 4.7 % Bio 2.1 % Wind 1.3 % Solar 0.3 %

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION GHG Emissions Per-capita electricity consumption: effect of California energy efficiency programs

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Relative Gross Greenhouse Gas Emissions

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION CO2 Emissions from the Combustion of Fossil Fuels: a Comparison with other Nations

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Existing State Policies/Programs/Initiatives  Creation of a voluntary early action program (California Action Registry)  New carbon dioxide emission standard for cars projected to start in 2009  Renewable Energy Program  Public Interest Energy Research Program

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Goals of the California Climate Action Registry  Adopt protocols for reporting and certification of GHG emission reductions  Support credible, nationwide registry w transparent and defensible results w extensive participation  Influence global debate on registries  Assist development of GHG accounting, reporting and certification standards

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION California Vehicular Emissions Reduction Bill  Requires the California Air Resources Board to develop regulations that achieve the maximum feasible reduction of GHGs emitted by passenger vehicles and light trucks  The regulations will apply to the 2009 model years and thereafter  The bill provides automobile manufacturers with maximum flexibility  The bill offers numerous alternatives for GHG reductions

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION New Automobile Fleet Characteristics and CO 2 Emissions In Europe Average CO 2 emissions for new vehicles decreased significantly in Europe despite increases in vehicle mass, power, and engine capacity Source: European Automobile Manufacturers Association and the Commission Services, “Monitoring of ACEA’s Commitment on CO2 Emission Reduction from Passenger Cars,” June 2002

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Renewable Energy Program  Funding of $540M ( ) and $1.3B ( ) w Capital cost buydowns Goal is 17% RE by 2006 from 12% in state in 2002  Aspects of program may be superceded due to passage of a renewable portfolio standard law w Goal is 20% by 2017 The PV-powered Ferris wheel at the Santa Monica Pier is powered by stored electricity produced during daylight hours by PV panels like the one shown in the foreground.

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION California Renewable Portfolio Standard  Requires utilities to increase renewable electricity by at least 1% per year to 2017, until 20% of retail sales are produced from renewables  Directs utilities to enter into contracts with renewable energy generators for at least 10 years’ duration  Requires the California Energy Commission to certify and fund renewable energy resources

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION CEC has a $62M/Yr Energy R&D Program for Improving Efficiency and Developing Distributed Resources Carbon Management Decarbonization CO 2 Btu < CO 2 atm CO 2 produced < Sequestration Btu GSP < Efficiency

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION The CEC/Public Interest Energy Research Program: Two Redwoods and an Oak EfficiencyDEREnvironment

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Berkeley Lamp  Model partnership between CEC/DOE/California utilities w PIER funded Phase 1 to develop task/ambient lamp concept w DOE funded Phase 2 to develop specific lamp configuration w PIER was instrumental in moving the technology into the marketplace via coordination with the Utility Emerging Technology Coordinating Council Project is both a technical success and a customer success

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Commercial Kitchen Exhaust Systems - Success Story Issue: California food service facilities are typically designed without energy efficiency in mind. PIER Project: Test alternative equipment configurations… to identify the most energy- efficient design alternative for providing makeup air. “Schlieren” photo showing exhaust hood spilling effluent Schlieren Flow Visualization

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Technology Redesigned fumehood for cleaning contaminated indoor air Benefits  Saves up to 50% of the energy  Applicable in electronics fabrication, pharmaceuticals, biomedical and chemical industries  30,000 fumehoods in California  Potential to save $30 million per year in California RD&D for Industry, Agriculture & Water

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION PIER Buildings Program Highlights Night Breeze Provides ventilation and cooling at night, reducing or eliminating the need for air conditioning during the day

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION PowerLight’s PowerGuard PowerLight’s insulated 30 year roof system reduces building air conditioning loads while it’s PV surface generates electricity during hot and expensive peak summer hours While California is known for its hot dry summers, that same solar resource provides a clean, safe and reliable way to generate electricity

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION WTCs Low Cost Wind Turbine Wind parks supply over 1600 MW of California’s electricity capacity. An additional 5000 MW of new wind is undeveloped due to lower wind speeds that are too expensive to harness. Capable of generating electricity at low cost in lower wind speed areas, WTC’s unique wind turbine will help harness California’s untapped wind potential.

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION The Yolo County Success Accomplishments w Is opening the way for landfill gas electricity systems to be more widely used in California Accelerates gas production from over 30 years to less than 10 years, making landfill electricity more competitive Reduces volume of landfill which can extend landfill life by 20 percent Significantly reduces the chance for groundwater pollution from leachate release w Has become the leading bioreactor project within EPA’s XL Program and will strongly influence landfill regulations across the country CEC’s Role w Through the CEC’s R&D programs, we’re bringing bioreactor technology from concept to reality Control cell without bioreactor Enhanced bioreactor cell

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Gas Turbine Semi-Radiant Burner - Alzeta Corporation Description:  Gas turbine combustor that allows fuel to be premixed with large quantities of air prior to combustion Benefits:  Lower NO X emissions without SCR;  Cheaper than post- combustion clean-up systems;  Allows deployment of smaller turbines for DG; and  CEC is receiving royalties from Alzeta

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Xonon Cool Combustion System - Catalytica Energy Systems, Inc. Description:  Gas turbine combustion system that controls combustion temperature to prevent the formation of NO X. Benefits:  Lower NO X emissions without SCR  Allows deployment of smaller turbines for DG  Expandable to large, central station turbines  Use with Kawasaki turbine

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Dynamic Transmission Line Rating  Congestion cost $169M on Path 15 in 4th Qtr 2000  System monitors line’s tension in real-time  Path 15 demonstration indicating greater than 390 MW increased capacity  Environmental benefit through delay/avoidance of new transmission corridors

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Composite Reinforced Aluminum Conductor Fiber optics (for future applications) Composite plastics core to enhance mechanical strength Aluminum cover

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Dry Cooling Spray Enhancement  Water shortfalls predicted to reach 2.4 million acre-feet in 2020  A 500 MW power plant uses 3 millions gpd of water  Dry cooling is an option but with decreased efficiency and higher costs  CEC is funding development of a hybrid system that couples traditional dry cooling with spray nozzles to improve efficiency  Spray enhancement provides 7-14 MW increase at Crockett on a hot day

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Climate Change Research and Assessment Activities are Just Starting Research center on regional climate change:  Focus will be physical sciences and regional modeling  Additional studies on ecological and economic impacts

CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION California Can Have a Voice in the On-Going Debate  Major emitter of GHG  Excellent environmental track record w energy efficiency and fuel mix w environmental laws  New policies and programs focused on GHG  An aggressive Public Goods Energy R&D Program for meeting the challenge