New Age of Science: … more innovations 1830 ’ s – early 1900 ’ s

The Second Ind. Rev. (this slide repeated from IndustrialRevolution2 ppt) Industrial growth in the US from the mid-1800s, and expansion in Europe, became known as the Second Industrial Revolution. Use of steel, electricity, and oil, and new inventions in communication made the second industrial revolution possible. Steel replaced iron to make stronger and lighter factory machinery, bridges. Steel production surged, making it cheaper.

The Second Ind. Rev. (this slide repeated from IndustrialRevolution2 ppt) Electricity became the major new source of energy, used to power machines, provide heat and light. Electricity led to new inventions that began a revolution in communication: the telegraph, telephone, and radio. Telegraph: Samuel Morse Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell Radio: Marconi

The Automobile (repeated from IndustrialRevolution2 slide) Invention of a combustion engine powered by gas (from oil) made the automobile possible. In the U.S., Henry Ford revolutionized the auto industry and factories by starting an assembly line to mass-produce cars, helping to make them cheaper.

The first inexpensive industrial process for mass production of steel from molten pig iron … for cheaper steel! Named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who received patent in Steel in the Second I.R. - The Bessemer Process A Bessemer converter in Station Square, Pittsburgh, PA.

… more Innovations during the Second I.R: Louis Pasteur … pasteurization … more Innovations during the Second I.R: Louis Pasteur … pasteurization Created process to prevent milk from going sour, killing organisms in it – known as pasteurization.

Air travel: The Wright Brothers 1 st controlled, powered, heavier-than-air human flight on Dec. 17, Orville & Wilbur in Kitty Hawk, NorthCarolina First flight of “ Wright Flyer ” on December 17, 1903.

Charles Darwin Charles Darwin 1. Showed that species originated through evolutionary change; scientific theory of. 1. Showed that species originated through evolutionary change; scientific theory of natural selection. 2. “ Survival of the fittest. ” , Origin of Species. A satire in Hornet magazine portraying Darwin, the English naturalist, with an ape body and the bushy beard, 1866.

Social effects of I.R. 1. Growing gap b/w the rich & poor 2. Demand for reforms: –Unionization of workers to bargain for better working conditions & higher wages – collective bargaining -- or face a strike 3. Rise of Socialism –Government (public) ownership of resources would allow equal distribution of wealth Karl Marx Eugene Debs

Urbanization Intensifies … Urbanization intensified during the Second I.R. as conditions improved in cities. Even more people moved to cities as reformers succeeded in getting city governments to provide cleaner water, sanitation (sewers and regular trash pickup) and public health services, improving housing conditions. ©2003

Rise of the Upper Class, Elites: Profits from Production Factory owners, industrialists, and bankers become part of the elite, upper class -- joining landowners and merchants. Factory owners, industrialists, and bankers become part of the elite, upper class -- joining landowners and merchants. –Huge profits from factory production of goods –… and few profits were passed on to the workers … –So industrialists reaped the benefits of labor, and amassed fortunes. –Bankers profited by loaning capital ©2003

Expansion and Rise of the Middle Class Doctors, lawyers, other professionals, were on higher end of middle class. Shopkeepers and traders among those on lower end. Doctors, lawyers, other professionals, were on higher end of middle class. Shopkeepers and traders among those on lower end. New members of the middle class included factory supervisors, business managers, engineers, on the higher (upper) end New members of the middle class included factory supervisors, business managers, engineers, on the higher (upper) end … and “white-collar” workers such as office workers, phone operators, traveling salespeople on the lower end. … and “white-collar” workers such as office workers, phone operators, traveling salespeople on the lower end. ©2003

The Working Class Below the middle class were the working classes. Below the middle class were the working classes. Most in the working class were unskilled laborers – people who worked in factories, performed physical labor or domestic work. Most in the working class were unskilled laborers – people who worked in factories, performed physical labor or domestic work. About 80% of Europe’s population were working class around About 80% of Europe’s population were working class around ©2003

Working Class Lives Improve Workers organizing in unions and political actions helped improve lives. Workers organizing in unions and political actions helped improve lives. Collective bargaining and strike threats helped lead to better wages, shorter work days. Collective bargaining and strike threats helped lead to better wages, shorter work days. Lower prices of goods along with higher pay made life better. Lower prices of goods along with higher pay made life better. Still, standard of living for working class remained lower than the middle class. Still, standard of living for working class remained lower than the middle class. ©2003

Working Class Organizing: Collective Bargaining, Strikes Collective bargaining: Workers organized in a union have representatives bargain – negotiate – with employers for a contract the benefited all workers. Collective bargaining: Workers organized in a union have representatives bargain – negotiate – with employers for a contract the benefited all workers. Workers organized in unions are able to negotiate with employers by using a threat that all would refuse to work unless their demands were met – to go on strike. Workers organized in unions are able to negotiate with employers by using a threat that all would refuse to work unless their demands were met – to go on strike. ©2003

Chapter 5: Mass Society and Democracy (titles, subtitles from text): Section 1: The Growth of Industrial Prosperity The Second Industrial Revolution Organizing the Working Class Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society The New Urban Environment Social Structure of Mass Society The Experiences of Women Changes in Education and Leisure Section 3: The National State & Democracy Western Europe and Political Democracy Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order The United States International Rivalries

 New Patterns  Industrial production of goods grew rapidly:  … demand for goods rose as wages rose  … assembly line new manufacturing method: … pioneered by Henry Ford to build his autos … allowed more efficient (faster, less costly) mass production of goods, and so: … goods became cheaper (example of outlining text chapter): The Second Industrial Revolution

 New Patterns, cont’d:  Europe dividing into two economic zones:  … Advanced: Britain, Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, northern Italy  … Still mostly agricultural, lower standards of living: Spain, Portugal, Russia, Balkans, southern Italy (example of outlining text chapter): (The Second Industrial Rev., cont’d)