Immune System

Figure 43.1 An overview of the body's defenses Innate Immunity (faster response) Adaptive Immunity (slower response)

N

Non-specific Immunity (Innate) Mucous membranes (lysozyme) Low pH Phagocytic Cells: Neutrophils (in blood, destroy infected cells) Macrophages: migrate, organs, tissues, eat pathogens Dendritic Cells: in tissues, stimulate specific immun. Eosinophils: defend against parasitic worms Natural Killer Cells: target virus-infected cells and cancerous cells

Non-specific continued….. Interferon – produced by virus-infected cells; nearby cells stimulated to stop viral replication. Complement system proteins that circulate Recognize invaders Cascade of chemicals result in lysis of pathogen

Figure 43.17 The classical complement pathway, resulting in lysis of a target cell

Complement System Animation

Non-specific continued….. Inflammatory response: Result of injury Mast cells in tissues release histamine Blood vessel dilation Cytokines released by macrophages and nuetrophils: promotes blood flow (bv dialation also) Results in more cells coming to the area for help Swelling (edema)

Figure 43.5 A simplified view of the inflammatory response

Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system

Figure 43.8 The development of lymphocytes

Figure 43.6 Clonal selection

Figure 43.9 The interaction of T cells with MHC molecules

Helper T Activation Animation

Figure 43.7 Immunological memory

Figure 43.10 An overview of the immune responses (Layer 1)

Figure 43.10 An overview of the immune responses (Layer 2)

Figure 43.10 An overview of the immune responses (Layer 3)

Figure 43.10 An overview of the immune responses (Layer 4)

Connective Tissue AF – Mast cells IF – Fibroblasts EF – Elastic Fibers

Figure 43.0 Specialized lymphocytes attacking a cancer cell

Figure 43.2 First-line respiratory defenses

Figure 43.3 Phagocytosis by a macrophage

Figure 43.3x Macrophage

Figure 43.x1 Anabaena phagocytosed by a human neutrophil

Figure 43.8x B lymphocyte

Figure 43.11 The central role of helper T cells: a closer look

Figure 43.12a The functioning of cytotoxic T cells

Figure 43.12b A cytotoxic T cell has lysed a cancer cell

Figure 43.13 Humoral response to a T-dependent antigen (Layer 1)

Figure 43.13 Humoral response to a T-dependent antigen (Layer 2)

Figure 43.13 Humoral response to a T-dependent antigen (Layer 3)

Figure 43.14 Epitopes (antigenic determinants)

Figure 43.15c Antibody molecule

Figure 43.16 Effector mechanisms of humoral immunity

Figure 43.x2 Vaccination

Figure 43.x3 X-ray of hands with arthritis

Figure 43.18 Mast cells, IgE, and the allergic response

Figure 43.x4 Alternaria spores, a cause of allergies in humans

Figure 43.19 A T cell infected with HIV

Figure 43.19x1 HIV on a lymphocyte, detail

Figure 43.19x2 HIV budding

Figure 43.19x2a T cell infected with HIV

Figure 43.19x2b Detail of HIV on lymphocyte

Figure 43.20 The stages of HIV infection

Figure 43.x5 AIDS posters