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4 Light will be discussed alternately as a particle and as a wave.
Where: λ = wavelength (meters) C = rate of travel (meters/second) [the speed of light] f = frequency λ time If the frequency were 300,000,000 Hz: At the speed of light of approximately 300,000,000 meters per second the wavelength would be 1 meter. 5
Gamma X-Ray Ultraviolet Visible Infrared microwave FM Shortwave AM m m m m m m m 1m 10 2 m 10 4 m 400ηm 500ηm 600ηm 700ηm Wavelength Increases / Frequency Decreases Visible 6 Ultraviolet Infrared
Incident Ray Reflected Ray Normal θiθi θrθr Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection Smooth Surface Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection 7
8 Source: MS Clipart
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Incident Ray Refracted Ray Normal θiθi θrθr Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction From Less to Greater Density: The Refracted Ray bends toward the Normal Air Glass 10
Incident Ray Refracted Ray Normal θiθi θrθr Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction From Greater to Less Density: The Refracted Ray bends away from the Normal Air Glass 11
Index of Refraction MaterialIndex Vacuum Air Ice1.31 Water at 20 C1.33 Ethyl alcohol1.36 Quartz1.46 Typical glass1.52 Lens glass Heavy flint glass1.65 Diamond
13 White Light
90 ◦ 14
90 ◦ Polarizing Filter 15
90 ◦ Polarizing Filter 16
Aligned polarization from two displays Full polarization from a 90° angle between two displays Image: PRGodin 17
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19 Air Glass Reflected Light Source:
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Incident Ray Refracted Ray Normal θiθi θrθr Critical Angle More Dense Less Dense Incident Ray Reflected Ray Normal θiθi θrθr Internal Reflection More Dense Less Dense 21
Cladding Core 22
Core Cladding Step Index Optical Fiber 23
Optical Fiber θAθA 24
Large NA Small NA 25
Singlemode Optical Fiber Core Cladding Multimode Optical Fiber 26
62.5/125 Multimode 50/125 Multimode 8/125 Singlemode The three fiber core/cladding sizes 27
Step Index Fiber Input Signal Output Signal 28
Graded Index Core 29
30 Graded Index Fiber Input Signal Output Signal
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32 ©PRGodin gmail.com) Calgary, AB, Canada Updated December 2013