Prisms, fibers, and reflective lenses

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Presentation transcript:

Prisms, fibers, and reflective lenses • Total internal reflection • Prisms • Dispersion • Optical fibers and other waveguides • Reflection from paraboloidal mirrors

Total Internal Reflection (TIR) E.g. interface from glass to air

Total Internal Reflection (TIR) no light enters the optically less dense space (in actuality the light field in the optically dense space is evanescent, i.e. exponentially decaying)

Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR) Reflected rays are missing where index-matched surfaces touch shadow is formed Angle of incidence exceeds critical angle

Fingerprint sensors

Optical waveguides “planar” waveguide: high-index dielectric material sandwiched between lower-index dielectrics

Optical waveguides: numerical aperture (NA) NA=sin(largest angle that is waveguided) air (n=1) high index contrast (n1/n2) high NA

Optical fibers Core diameter =8-10µm(commercial grade) Cladding diameter =250µm(commercial grade) Index contrast n=0.007 (very low NA) attenuation =0.25dB/km

Optical fibers: gradient index optical rays “swirl” around the axis of the core!

Gradient index waveguides in nature: insect eyes (composite eyes) Images removed due to copyright concerns

Dispersion Refractive index n is function of the wavelength

Dispersion measures Reference color lines C(H- λ=656.3nm, red), D (Na- λ=589.2nm, yellow), F(H- λ=486.1nm, blue)

Curved reflecting surfaces (e.g. satellite dish)

Paraboloid mirror: perfect focusing (e.g. satellite dish)

Paraboloid mirror: perfect focusing (e.g. satellite dish)