COMPILLATED BY CHANIF MAHDI BASIC IMMUNOLOGY COMPILLATED BY CHANIF MAHDI

Outline of the talk Definition of Immunology History of immunology Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 Outline of the talk Definition of Immunology History of immunology Innate and adaptive immunity Humoral and cellular responses – B and T cells (specific interactions) Cancer HIV/AIDS Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 Immunology Immunology is the study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our responses to them. Host – e.g. me!!!! Foreign macromolecule, antigen – e.g. virus protein, worm, parasite (Everything that should not be in my body) We want to understand what happens when we for example get influenza. A virus get into our body. Usually start with feeling tired, fever, headache, sore throat, cold, back to normal. We also know that there are vaccines for some influence viruses, takes us to the history of immunology. Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

A Short History of Immunology Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 A Short History of Immunology ~ 430 B.C: Peloponesian War, Thucydides describes plague – the ones who had recovered from the disease could nurse the sick without getting the disease a second time 15th centurry: Chinese and Turks use dried crusts of smallpox as ”vaccine” 1798: Edward Jenner – smallpox vaccine Thucydides, the first documentation of something immunological. Chinese: The dried crust did not cause the disease. Just a bit of fever and so on. Just a bit more about Jenner Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

Jenner - Smallpox vaccine Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 Jenner - Smallpox vaccine Noticed that milkmades that had contracted cowpox did NOT get smallpox Test on an 8 year old boy, injected cowpox into him (NOT very nice……) Follwed by exposure to smallpox Vaccine was invented (latin vacca means ”cow”) The history of how the ”first” vaccine was made. Smallpox. Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 In the 60ties a big campaign started to get rid of smallpox. Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

Immunology history cont. Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 Immunology history cont. Since 1901 there have been 19 Nobel Prizes for immunological research. Examples: Discovery of human blood groups (1930) and Transplantation immunology(1991) Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

The immune system Immune system Innate (non-specific) immunity Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 The immune system Immune system Innate (non-specific) immunity Adaptive (specific) immunity Anatomic barriers (Skin,mucous membranes) Physological barriers (temperature, pH) Phagocytic Barriers (cells that eat invaders) Inflammatory barriers (redness, swelling, heat and pain) Antigen specificity Diversity Immunological memory Self/nonself recognition We will focus on adaptive responses. All these feature of an adaptive response require very specific interactions of molecules. Will describe B and T cells and their roles. Immunological memory - vaccination Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

Humoral and cellular immunity (antibody mediated or cellular) Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 Humoral and cellular immunity (antibody mediated or cellular) The important difference between B and T cells is how they can recognize antigens. Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

B cells Surface bound antibody Antibody secreting B cell Antigen Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 B cells Surface bound antibody Antibody secreting B cell Soluble antibodies, circculate in the body Antigen B-cell •Antibody producing, have membrane bound antibodies, proliferation......., memory – plasma, point out the molecular interactions. Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

Antibody secreting B cell Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 Antibody secreting B cell B-cell Virus killed Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 T cells Two types: Helper T cells (Th): activates other cells Cytotoxic T cells (Tc): can kill other cells T cells can only recognize antigens associated with certain molecules (MHC) •Has a T-cell receptor – only recognition of antigens together with MHC molecules. Explain how this work and the difference between class I and class II molecules. Point out the importance of molecular interaction. Explain how Th cells can help B cells - drawing Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

Presentation of antigens to T cells Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 Presentation of antigens to T cells Proteins (peptides) from inside the cell are presented by MHC I molecules to Tc cells. Proteins (peptides) from the outside of cells are presented by MHC II molecules to Th cells. MHC I on almost all cells MHC II on specialized antigen-presenting cells Draw the pictures!!!! Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

Antigen presentig cell Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 Antigen presentig cell MHC II + peptide Th Virus infected cell, cancer cell T helper cells sends out signals to other cells, eg B cells to activate them Tc cells can kill infected cells Tc MHC I + peptide Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 The virus protien are broken to pieces, becomes bound to MHC I molecules on the surface. This act as a signal that something is wrong. Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 MHC molecules Important to study what parts of a protein that binds to MHC molecules. MHC I binds peptides with 8-10 aa MHC II bind peptides with 12-25 aa Potentials of peptide vaccines Prediction of peptides is important!!!! Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de

Seminar Winter Semester 2002/2003 Cancer The second ranking cause of death after heart disease in the Western world. most organs and tissues in an organism are in balance (death and renewal) cancer cells have no control in growth mechanisms, can expand to a large size producing a tumor benign vs malignant – metastasis example of how cancer antigens(might be variants, expressed “baby” genes and so on) can be presented and cells killed by T-cells. Idea of peptide vaccine. Pierre Dönnes pierre@bioinf.uni-sb.de Andreas Hildebrandt anhi@bioinf.uni-sb.de Annette Höglund annette@bioinf.uni-sb.de