© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 12: Services The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Services  Service = any activity that fulfills a human want or need  Services are located in settlements ◦ Location of services is important for profitability ◦ Affluent regions tend to offer more services ◦ Local diversity is evident in the provision of services

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  Three types of services ◦ In the United States, all employment growth has occurred in the services sector (see Fig 12-2 in your text) **See your text for a breakdown of each service

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Percentage of GDP from Services, 2005 Figure 12-1 Which type of countries get their GDP from services?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. KI 1: Where Did Services Originate?  Services in early rural settlements ◦ Early consumer services met societal needs  Examples = burial of the dead, religious centers, manufacturing centers ◦ Early public services probably followed religious activities ◦ Early business services to distribute and store food

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. KI 1: Where Did Services Originate?  Services in early urban settlements ◦ Services in ancient cities (Ur, Athens, Rome)  Religion, wine production, weaving (culture)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. KI 2: Where Are Contemporary Services Located?  Services in rural settlements ◦ Half of the world’s population lives in rural settlements ◦ Two types  Clustered rural settlements  Circular or linear  Clustered settlements in Colonial America  Dispersed rural settlements  In the United States  In Great Britain  Enclosure movement

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Rural Settlement Patterns-Which are clustered? Figure 12-10

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. KI 2: Where Are Contemporary Services Located?  Services in urban settlements ◦ Increasing percentage of people in cities ◦ Increasing number of people in cities ◦ Differences between urban and rural settlements?  Large size  High density  Social heterogeneity

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Percentage of Population Living in Urban Settlements – Do you see a pattern? Figure 12-14

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Urban Settlements With Populations of at Least 3 Million – Where are the biggest cities? Figure 12-15

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. KI 3: Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern? Location Location Location: the right location is the KEY to profitability!!!  Central place theory ◦ Explains HOW profitable location can be determined ◦ First proposed by Walter Christaller (1930s) ◦ Characteristics  Central place - centrally located for convenience  A central place has a market area (or hinterland – area surrounding service)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  Size of a market area ◦ Range – max distance people willing to travel ◦ Typically distance 3/4 of customers are willing to travel  What will impact the range of a service?  Desire/Availability  Everyday stuff…short  Concerts/games/etc…long  Threshold – minimum # people needed to support service  Depends on product

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Central Place Theory Figure What is this chart showing? Why are hexagons used (instead of circles or squares?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. “Daily Urban Systems” Figure US Dept of Commerce divided states in to daily urban systems based on access to services in one large settlement. **171 Daily Urban Systems that divide the US into market areas (based on hinterland) Why are some areas bigger than others (and why not hexagons?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Market Areas, Range, and Threshold for Kroger Supermarkets Figure Why are the Market areas for these supermarkets different sizes? (Hint: use the terms range and threshold in your answer)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Optimal Location for a Pizza-Delivery Service Figure What is the optimal location for the pizza place? What makes this more complicated in real life?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. KI 3: Consumer Services are Distributed in a Regular Pattern Hierarchy of services and settlements 1.Nesting (one inside another)  Market areas = series of hexagons of various sizes 2.Rank-size distribution of settlements  Rank-Size Rule – ranking settlements produce a regular pattern/hierarchy (4 th largest city is ¼ size of the largest)  Primate city rule – largest settlement has more than twice as many people as 2 nd ranking settlement  Primate cities – country’s largest city ◦ Following Rank-Size Rule = wealthy/healthy society  Absence means that the society cannot pay for a full range of services

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Rank-Size Distribution in the United States and Indonesia Figure The straight line indicates the healthy distribution of services throughout the country

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. KI 4: Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?  Hierarchy of business services ◦ Services in world cities  Business: clustering of services is a product of the Industrial Revolution (locate by other businesses)  Consumer: retail services with extensive market areas (more customers are there)  Public: world cities are often the center of national or international political power (seat of government)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. World Cities (NY, Tokyo, London) Where are most world cities found? Which world city would you most want to see?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Business services in LDCs  Offshore financial services ◦ Two functions:  Taxes  Privacy  Back offices ◦ LDCs are attractive because of:  Low wages  Ability to speak English

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. KI 4: Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?  Economic base of settlements ◦ Two types:  Basic industries – export goods outside the settlement  Nonbasic industries – enterprises whose customers live in the same community ◦ Specialization of cities in different services  Computers?  Finance? ◦ Distribution of talent – More talent in small space within the big city (like attracts like)  What do you think Chicago is known for?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Economic Base of U.S. Cities Figure 12-28