Oku losZ{k.k Oku vfHk;kaf=dh & 1 Hkou fuekZ.k lkeXkzh.

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Presentation transcript:

Oku losZ{k.k Oku vfHk;kaf=dh & 1 Hkou fuekZ.k lkeXkzh

Hkou fuekZ.k lkexzh uho ] nhokyksa rFkk Q’kZ ds fy,& iRFkj] bZV] pquk] lhesaV] lqj[kh] jsr] xkjk] dkaØhV] dk"B] Vkby ¼[kiMs+½ vkfnA njokts]f[kM+dh;ksa vkfn ds fy;s& dk"B] yksgs ;k ihry dh lkexzh dkWpA Nr ds fy;s& dk"B] [kiMs] Vhu rFkk,slcsLVkl pknjsa] ?kkl] LysV] lhesaV] fxV~Vh] bZV] dkaØhV] yksgs dh NMsa+] yksgs dh vU; lkexzh] Nr dh Vidu jksdus dh lkexzhA ltkoV ds fy;s& lhesaV xkjk] pquk] fMLVSEcj] isUV okfuZ’k bR;knhA 'kkSp rFkk ty ds izca/k ds fy;s& 'kkSpky; esa dke vkus okys phuh feV~Vh ds ik=] ikuh ds uy] niZ.k rFkk vU; vko’;d lkexzha

iRFkj f uekZ.k ;ksX; iRFkj ds visf{kr xq.k Ektcwr fVdkÅ dBksj jU/kzrk dk vHkko vfXu jks/kd ns[kus esa lqUnj

dqN egRoiw.kZ iRFkjksa ds izdkj xszukbV Vªsi rFkk cSlkYV ekcZy jsr ;k cyqvk iRFkj pwuk iRFkj ySVjkbV cksYMj LysV

bZaV ds izdkj e`frdk bZaV lhesaV dkafØV bZaV chp esa [kks[kyh bZaV vfXu jks/kh bZaV

vPNh bZaVksa ds xq.k 1- bZaV dk ry vk;rkdkj A 2- fdukjs lekukarj lh/ks] ledks.k vkSj Li"V A 3- jax vkSj vkdkj esa,d:irk A 4- mlesa iRFkj] ?kkl ctjh vkfn ugha A 5- rRdky VwVs gq, ry ij lw{e d.k okyh leku cukoVA 4- mls nwljh bZaV ij ekjus ls /kkrq dh lh Vu&Vu vkokt A 5- uk[kwu ls ml ij dksbZ [kjksap ugha iM++uh pkfg,A 6- yxHkx 2 ehVj ls Hkwfe ij fdlh nwljh bZaV ij fxjk;s tkus ij mls VwVuk ugha pkfg,A 7- iw.kZ :Ik ls idh gqbZA 8- ty xzkgrk rFkk jU/kzrk deA 24 ?k.Vs rd ikuh esa iMs+ jgus ij Hkh mls lw[ks Hkkj dk 12 izfr’kr ls 16 izfr’kr rd ls vf/kd ikuh ugha lks[kuk pkfg,A

bZaV dk vkdkj rFkk vko’;d bZaV dh la[;k dh x.kuk gekjs ns’k esa bZaVksa ds dksbZ (Standard) vkdkj ugha gSA lk/kkj.kr;k 8 X ×4 X 2 esfVªd i)fr 19 X 9 X 9 ls-eh-,d ?k-eh- esa 500 bZaV yxrh gSaa VwV&QwV dks NwV nsus ij 510 bZaV 1 ?k-eh- esa yxrh gSA 100 ?kuQqV baZV dh fpukbZ esa Åij fy[ks vkdkj dh 1422 baZV yxrh gS] VwV&QwV dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, 1450 bZaVsa eaxkuh pkfg,A

bZaV dk oxhZdj.k iw.kZ :i ls idh gqbZ bZaV & ;s izFke Js.kh dh bZaV gksrh gSA de idh bZaV & ;s f}rh; Js.kh dh bZaV gksrh gSA vf/kd idh gqbZ bZaV & ;s r`rh; Js.kh dh bZaV gksrh gSa vkSj rksMdj fxV~Vh ds :i esa ;k dwVdj lw[khZ ds :i esa dke esa yk;h tkrh gSA

pwuk og xkjs vkSj dkaØhV ds cukus esa dke vkrk gSA blls iyLrj Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ckn esa lanyk ;k vfUre ysi esa ?kqVkbZ dh tkrh gSA mlh ls Hkouksa dh iqrkbZ dh tkrh gSA pwuk] dadM] pwuk iRFkj] pwus ds 'kSyks ¼pV~Vkuksa½ rFkk leqnzh lhfi;ksa ls izkIr gksrk gSA pwus ds izdkj fo’kq) pwuk ¼ Fat lime ½ tyn`<+ pwuk ¼ Hydraulic lime ½ eUn tyn`<+ pwuk

lhesaV lhesaV pwuk] iRFkj vkSj e`frdk dks fofHkUu vuqikrksa esa feykdj Qwadus vkSj ckn esa dqN ftIle feykdj ihlus ls curk gSA og cuk&cuk;k cktkj esa feyrk gSA lhesaV ds izdkj 1- lkekU; iksVZyS.M lhesaV 2- 'kh?kzrk ls dBksj gksus okyk lhesaV 3- 'kh?kzrk ls teus okyk lhesaV 4- jaxhu lhesaV lhesaV esa teko uhps fy[ks pj.kksa esa gksrk gS& v- uq- tekoLkk/kkj.k lhesaV 'kh?kzrk ls teus okyk lhesaV 1izkjfEHkd teko 30 fefuV esa izkjEHk 10 ?kaVs esa iw.kZ 2vafre teko5 fefuV esa izkjEHk 20 fefuV esa iw.kZ

lhesaV dh ijh{kk mi;ksx esa ykus ls iwoZ lhesaV dh ijh{kk A dke esa ykus ;ksX; gS ;k ughA jax & lhesaV dk jax dqN uhyk gjk jax fy, gq, Hkwjk gksuk pkfg,A Hkkj &,d ?kuQqV lhesaV dk Hkkj 90 ikm.M gksuk pkfg, ;k eSfVªd iz.kkyh esa mldk Hkkj izfr ?ku MslhehVj 1-4 fdxzk gksuk pkfg,A 50 fdyksxzke izfr cksjh Hkkj gksuk pkfg;sA Hkkjhiu & eqV~Bh Hkj lhesaV ;fn fdlh ckYVh esa Mkyk tk, rks mls /khjs&/khjs Mqc tkuk pkfg,A ;fn dqN rSjrk jgrk gS rks bldk vk’k; ;g gS fd mlesa jk[k vkfn feyh gSA xkaBs & mlesa xkWBsa ugh gksuh pkfg,A

jsr ds izdkj xM~Ms dh jsr unh dh jsr leqnz dh jsr vPNh jsr ds xq.k Njnjkiu % d.kksa ds fdukjs Li"V,oa rst 'kq)rk % e`frdk ;k vU; ouLifr inkFkksZ dh feykoV ugh fVdkÅiu % fVdkÅ 'kSy [k.M ls mRiUu fNnz % de ls de fNnz

fxV~Vh ¼ Gitty or Broken stone ½ iRFkj rFkk n`<+ feV~Vh bZV dks rksM+dj fxV~Vh cukbZ tkrh gSA fxV~Vh esa fuEukafdr xq.k gksus pkfg, 1- A 2- fdukjs uqdhys A 3- feV~Vh ;k <hys d.kksa ls jfgr A 4- yo.kksa ¼ued bR;kfn½ ls jfgr A 5- fxV~Vh lrg [kqjnjh A rkfd xkjs dh idM+ Bhd ls gks ldsA 6- ikuh ds ckgj mi;ksx gsrq gYdh rFkk ikuh ds vanj mi;ksx gsrq Hkkjh fxV~Vh vPNh gksrh gSA mijksDr lHkh xq.k rks fdlh fxV~Vh esa ugh feyrs ij xzsukbV ¼dkyh fxV~Vh½ loksZRre gksrh gSA

xkjk lhesaV ;k pwuk jsr ;k lqj[kh ds fofHkUu vuqikrksa ds feJ.k dks ikuh ds lkFk feykdj cuk;s x;s ysi dks xkjk dgrs gSA xkjk dHkh&dHkh feV~Vh] Hkwlk rFkk ikuh ls Hkh cuk;k tkrk gSA,slh n’kk esa og feV~Vh dk xkjk dgykrk gSA xkjs ds izdkj feV~Vh dk xkjk % fpduh feV~Vh rFkk ikuh pwus dk xkjk % pwuk] jsr rFkk ty lhesaV dk xkjk % lhesaV] jsr vkSj ikuh

lhesaV xkjs ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa ds vuqikr dk;Zvuqikr lhesaVjsr lkekU; iRFkj ;k bZV fpukbZ16 tyjks/kh fpukbZ13 iyLrj15 Vhi12 ls 4 Nr ;k Q’kZ13 dakØhV ry ds nks"kksa dksa nwj djus dk dk;Z 12 iqjkuh fpukbZ esa Hkjus dk dk;Z11 lhesaV iyLrj ds Åij tyjks/kh rFkk fpduk ry cukus dk dk;Z 1&

dkaØhV lhesaV ;k pwuk] jsr] jksM+h ¼bZV ;k iRFkj pwjk vFkok ctjh½ rFkk ikuh dks fofHkUu vko’;d vuqikrksa esa feykdj cuk;k x;k feJ.k tks mfpr le; esa tedj iRFkj ds leku dBksj gks tkrk gS] dkaØhV dgykrk gSA dkaØhV ds izdkj pwuk dkaØhV & pwuk] jsr rFkk bZV ;k iRFkj dh jksM+h dks ikuh ds lkFk feykdj pwuk lqj[kh dkaØhV &pwuk] lqj[kh] jsr vkSj jksM+h ¼fxV~Vh½ dks ikuh ds lkFk feykdj lhesaV dkaØhV & lhesaV] jsr rFkk jksM+h ¼fxV~Vh½ ikuh ds lkFk feykdj a

lhesaV dkaØhV esa ?kVdksa dk vuqikr dk;Z vuqikr jksM+h ¼fxV~Vh½ dk vkdkj lhesaVjsr ¼fxV~V h½ Hkouksa dh uhao1485 ls-eh- iqyksa dh uhao136 4 ls-eh- Q’kZ rFkk Nr124 2 ls 3 ls-eh- izcfyr lhesaV dkaØhV ¼vkj- vkj-lh½ ls 3 ls-eh- Nr irys izcfyr lhesaV dkaØhV dk;Z ls 2 ls-eh-

izcfyr lhesaV dkaØhV ¼vkj-lh-lh-½ lk/kkj.k lhesaV dkaØhV dks izcfyr djds cukbZ xbZ mRd`"V fuekZ.k lkexzh A lk/kkj.k lhesaV dkaØhV esa lanyu ( Crushing Reinforce strength ) ncko lgus dh 'kfDr o lkeF;Z rks cgqr gksrh gS ijUrq ruko (Tensile Strength) esa og nqcZy gksrk gSA bl deh dks nwj djus ds fy, mlesa bLikrh NM+s] ftuesa ruu ¼f[kapko½ lkeF;Z cgqr vf/kd gksrh gS] yxk nh tkrh gSA izcyu (Reinforcement) ds izdkj lk/kkj.kr;k e`nq bLikr dh xksy NM+sa ;k ejksM+ iM++h NMs+a izcyu ds :i esa dke esa ykbZ tkrh gSA lkekU;r;k O;kl 6 fe-fe- ls 38 fe-fe- rd O;kl ds vuqlkj yEckbZ 6 ehVj ls 12 ehVj rd A NksVh yEckbZ dh NM+ksa dks yEck cukus ds fy, tksM+ks ij vfrO;iu (Over Lap) djds yksgs ds irys uje rkj ls cka/k fn;k tkrk gSA

iyLrj (Plaster) iyLrj dk mn~ns'; lQkbZ j{kk ltkoV iyLrj ds izdkj ¼1½ feV~Vh dk iyLrj ¼2½ lhesaV dk iyLrj

Vhi (Pointing ) Vhi djuk & bZaV vkSj iRFkj dh fpukbZ ds ckgjh tksM+ksa dks pwus ;k lhesaV ds xkjs ls fpukbZ gksus ds ckn Hkyh izdkj cUn djuk A Vhi ds izeq[k izdkj likV ;k HkjokWa Vhi f>jh Vhi (Grooved Pointing) frdksuh Vhi ia[k Vhi (Struck Pointing) ÅWaph mBh gqbZ Vhi fcM+ okyh Vhi (Beaded Pointing)

iqrkbZ u;s Hkouks dks lkQ lqFkjk rFkk ns[kus esa vkd"kZd cukus ds fy, rFkk iqjkus Hkouksa eas izfr o"kZ iqrkbZ] jaxkbZ vFkok fMLVSEij ;k isUV A iqrkbZ rktk QqDdk gqvk 'ka[k ;k vU; L=ksrksa ls izkIr 'kq) pwuk jaxkbZ (Colour Washing) jaxkbZ ds fy, jax] iqrkbZ ds fy, cuk;s x;s pwus ds ?kksy esa vko';d jax feykus ls curk gSA fMLVSEij,d izdkj dk isUV gksrk gS tks nhoky iqrkbZ ds dke vkrk gS rFkk cktkj esa rS;kj feyrk gSa fMLVSEij eksVs rkSj ij nks izdkj ds gksrs gS & ¼1½ u /kksus ;ksX; rFkk ¼2½ /kksus ;ksX;A lhesaV isUV lhesaV isUV vdkcZfud izd`fr dk gksus ds dkj.k cgqr fVdkÅ A vkd"kZd ifjlTtk iznku djus ds lkFk&lkFk blesa tyjks/kd xq.k Hkh A

isUV] okfuZ'k isaV eq[;r;k nks oLrqvksa ls curk gS %& ¼1½-,d Bksl inkFkZ tks ewy ry dks fNikrk gSA ;g lk/kkj.kr;k lQsnk gksrk gSa ¼2½-,d nzo inkFkZ tks Bksl inkFkZ dks ?kksydj,d irys Lrj ds :i esa mls QSyus esa lgk;d gksrk gSa ;g lk/kkj.kr;k dPpk vylh dk rsy gksrk gSa blds vfrfjDr blesa jax lq[kkus rFkk iryk djus okys inkFkZ Hkh gksrs gSaa ubZ lrg ij isaV 3 Lrj ij fd;k tkrk gS vLrj ysi ¼dksV½ fupyk dksV isUV ifjlTt;h ;k vfUre dksV

okfuZ'k okfuZ'k & rsy] rkjihu ;k vYdksgy esa lhls dk ?kksy A okfuZ'k ds izdkj 1- yhlk okfuZ'k & lLrs dk;ksZa ds fy, 2- dksiy okfuZ'k & Hkouksa ds vUnj rFkk QuhZpj ij yxkus ds fy, 3- 'kSykd okfuZ'k & mPp Js.kh ds dykRed dk;ksZa ds fy, 4- yksgs rFkk ckgjh dk;kasZ ds fy, okfuZ'k

ikfy'k djuk ¼ Ýsap ikfy'k djuk½ ikfy'k QuhZpj vkfn dks pedkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA okfuZ'k rFkk isUV esa dk"B ds js'ks rFkk jax fNi tkrk gSa vr% vPNs js'ks okys dk"B ij ¼tSlk fd QuhZpj vkfn esa gksrk gS½ ikfy'k fd;k tkrk gSA rsy djuk ¼rsy yxkuk½ ;fn isUV vkSj okfuZ'k Hkou ds vUnj yxs dk"B ds fy, egaxs yxsa rks,sls dk"B ij rsy dk ysi Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA Hkwfe rsy yxkuk dHkh&dHkh vifj"d`r Hkwfe rsy ;k isVªksfy;e bruk xje djds] fd og cqz'k ls cgus yxs] dk"B ij cqz'k ls yxk;k tkrk gSA dksyrkj yxkuk vR;Ur lk/kkj.k rFkk egRoghu Hkouksa ds dk"B rFkk yksgs ij dksyrkj Hkh yxk;k tkrk gSaa

/kU;okn