Module 1: Climate Change and the Shipping Response IMO Train the Trainer Course Energy Efficient Ship Operation Venue, City, Country Day xx to Day yy, Month, Year Name of the Presenter Affiliation of the presenter, City, Country

Content Origins of the air pollution and climate change Climate change and GHG emissions International (global) response International shipping response Main IMO instruments and historical developments To Instructor Provide an overview of topics to be covered.

The origins The population / social factors The energy / technical choices

Air Pollution and social factor Air pollution initially was identified in large cities. Numerous sources in restricted areas. Closely linked to: Industrialization Urbanization Growth in energy use Urbanization / Concentration Industrialization Market society and transportation linkage Growth in Use of Energy TO INSTRUCTOR: Explain the link between air pollution and population concentration in cities. Highlight that the sum of air emission sources drives air pollution Introduce each element on the diagram Conclude that air pollution is couple with industrial and societal developments. Unless strong action taken, they could not be decoupled.

Energy choices and impact on air pollution Main energy source of the pre-industrialized world Man & animal Wind Water Wood Main energy source of the industrialized world FOSSIL FUELS (reliable, flexible, controllable, easy to use, etc.) (unfortunately generate significant level of air emissions) The other sources of energy are largely overwhelmed by fossil fuels TO INSTRUCTOR: Explain the social shift in energy choice Highlight that currently, there are too much reliance on fossil fuels. Highlight that energy use leads to air emissions including air pollution.

Energy use and combustion principle FUEL Trigger / igniter AIR EMISSIONS TO INSTRUCTOR: Describe the elements needed to activate and initiate a combustion Highlight that to use fossil fuels, combustion is needed. Highlight that as a result of combustion, emissions are produced. Highlight the importance of emissions and how they relate to combustion of fuels.

Combustion case: Engines and emissions Fossil fuel + Air Carbon Dioxide + Water + Nitrogen + Various gas compounds + Particulate Matters TO INSTRUCTOR: Through the example of the diesel engine internal combustion: Mention that diesel engines are widely used on ships. Describe the technical elements involved and how the system works with reference to combustion process Explain various types of emissions produced.

Sources of air emissions To Instructors: Explain various sources of air emissions Explain how primary air emissions could generate secondary air emissions Highl;ight that energy forms the major part of man-made emissions. Energy use is the major source of man-made air emissions

Shipping air emissions and their impacts To Instructor: Mention that the Figure from 2nd IMO GHG study Explain the diagram in terms of type of emissions, how some of the emissions are absorbed by oceans and also convert partially to other emissions Explain various impacts and associated damages. Aerosol: Technically, an aerosol is a colloid suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas. Examples are clouds, and air pollution such as smog and smoke. IMO 2nd GHG study 2009 9

Why energy efficiency matters? Context Energy resources scarcity Environmental damages Sustainability Possible policies Energy efficiency Renewable energy Alternative energy sources Societal changes Benefit of energy efficiency as a strategy/policy: Avoids major destabilizing changes. Leads to economic benefits Support innovation and growth Secures less use of scarce resources. Leads to lower environmental damage. TO INSTRUCTOR: Talk about the benefits of energy efficiency Explain that the Energy Efficiency concept is context dependent and one solution to the present day energy crisis. List the benefit of such an approach.

Air pollution and the Issue of GHG Climate system GHG emissions & impacts

Main air emissions Nitrogen Oxides: NOx Sulphur Oxides: SOx Particulate Matters or organic aerosols Oxides of carbon: CO and CO2 Carbon compounds - such as CH4 and VOC Ozone (O3) Fluorocarbon and Chlorofluorocarbon compounds - such as CFC, PFC, SF6 and HFC Halogen compounds - such as chlorides, fluorides and bromides Etc. TO INSTRUCTOR: Introduce the definition of air pollution Highlight that many pollutants are emitted Explain that CO2 is not a direct pollutant but have indirect impacts through the modification of the atmosphere composition and properties

Climate system dynamics Earth as a whole includes: The atmosphere (i.e. gases); The hydrosphere (i.e. the waters); The lithosphere (i.e. solid layer of earth); The cryosphere (i.e. frozen waters); and the Biosphere (i.e. the living). All the above are changing with time, influenced by a variety of things including human activities. TO INSTRUCTOR: Describe the elements impacting and influencing in the climate conditions Explain that these elements are in permanent interaction and influence each other Explain that the modification of some parameter in this complex interactive network modifies the whole system and impact the climate as a whole Elaborate on terms: Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Cryosphere and Biosphere Highlight that everythiong is dynamic and subject to change. Schematic view of the components of the climate system, their processes and interactions. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2007 (AR4) WG I

GHG emissions Carbon dioxide: Most of the atmospheric GHG emissions are CO2. Other gases to consider? Methane: Agriculture and livestock, mining, transportation, and use of certain fossil fuels, sewage, and decomposing garbage in landfills. Nitrous oxide: The industrial agriculture and use of fertilizers accounts for the majority of the Nitrous oxide release. Halocarbon: They are non-natural but manufactured compounds. Extensively used as refrigerants. Other gases like ozone or water vapour have GHG properties. TO INSTRUCTOR: Highlight that the most important gas in terms of global warming is CO2 because of its quantity released and its lifetime impact Remind that CO2 is a permanent outcome of combustion of Hydrocarbons. Ask participants: can you identify other GHG emissions ?

Man-made GHG emissions Kyoto Protocol has identified six main gases as: Carbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Kyoto Protocol has identified six main gases as: Carbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). The share of each in man-made emissions are shown in the diagram.

GHG warming effect TO INSTRUCTOR: Describe shortly the GHG warming effect An idealised model of the natural greenhouse effect. [IPCC 2007 AR4 WG I]

Evolution of GHG emissions in the atmosphere over time The link between air emissions and industrial activities are unequivocal. All types of GHG emissions show a sharp rise since industrialisation To Instructor: Explain the trends for various gases. Highlight that: The link between air emissions and industrial activities are unequivocal. All types of GHG emissions show a sharp rise since industrialisation Highlight that to control the rize, our industrial activities need to be changed.

The International Response Rational Various steps

Triggers for action Local pollution Visibility of the consequences of air pollution Global disturbance Visibility of climate change GLOBAL ISSUES NEED GLOBAL APPROACHES CLIMATE CHANGE IS A TRULY GLOBAL ISSUE TO INSTRUCTOR: The action needs triggers. The main driver of pollution-related regulations is visibility. Because air emission are invisible, only its consequences are visible (health issues / climate alteration) Highlight that when facing a global scale issue, the approach must be on the same level. Justify the international involvement on this issue in order to coordinate the national actions.

Organizations and instruments United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol Vienna Convention & Montreal Protocol on Ozone-Depleting Substances IMO for international shipping Etc. TO INSTRUCTOR: Highlight that the several UN organizations are working on the topic.

United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) UNEP established in 1972 Mandate is to coordinate the global response to environmental challenges. In the field of climate change, the UNEP supports countries in the following areas: Adapting to climate change Mitigating climate change Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation Enhancing knowledge and communication The creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Mandate is to coordinate the global response to established and emerging environmental challenges. The need for such an organization is clearly expressed in the UN Resolution 2997. The mission statement of UNEP is: “To provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.” In the field of climate change, the UNEP supports countries in the following areas: Adapting to climate change: The purpose is to reduce vulnerability and improve resilience. Mitigating climate change: The UNEP supports technologies, policies and investments. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation: The purpose is to valorize forests and sinks as well as promoting sustainable management of forest ecosystems. Enhancing knowledge and communication: The UNEP support education and awareness programs.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Created under the auspices of the UNEP and the WMO (World Metrological Organization) The IPCC was endorsed by the UN in 1988. Its mission is to: Review the state of knowledge of the science of climate change; Carry out studies on the social and economic impact of climate change, including global warming; Propose possible response strategies to delay, limit or mitigate the impact of adverse climate change; Acts as a major knowledge-organisation on climate change. Created under the auspices of the UNEP and the WMO (World Metrological Organization) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was endorsed by the UN in 1988. The objective was to build an internationally recognized structure capable to regularly monitor and diagnose the evolution on the climate system and its consequences. Its mission is to review [UN, 1988]: The state of knowledge of the science of climate and climatic change; Programmes and studies on the social and economic impact of climate change, including global warming; Possible response strategies to delay, limit or mitigate the impact of adverse climate change; Acts as a major knowledge-organisation on climate change.

IPCC assessment reports IPCC have produced 5 major assessment reports so far. The IPCC’s AR5-2014 (Fifth Assessment Report) was released in four principal sections: Contribution of W/G I (WGI): The Physical Science Basis Contribution of W/G II (WGII): Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Contribution of W/G III (WGIII): Mitigation of Climate Change Contribution of W/G I, II, and III: The Synthesis Report IPCC have produced 5 major assessment reports so far. The IPCC’s AR5-2014 (Fifth Assessment Report) was released in four principal sections:: Contribution of W/G I (WGI): The Physical Science Basis Contribution of W/G II (WGII): Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Contribution of W/G III (WGIII): Mitigation of Climate Change Contribution of W/G I, II, and III: The Synthesis Report (SYR) The AR5-2014 puts greater emphasis on assessing the socio-economic aspects of climate change and its implications for sustainable development. Some new features of AR5 as a whole include: A new set of scenarios for analysis across Working Group contributions; Dedicated chapters on sea level change, carbon cycle and climate phenomena; Much greater regional detail on climate change impacts, adaptation and mitigation interactions; inter- and intra-regional impacts; and a multi-sector synthesis; Risk management and the framing of a response (both adaptation and mitigation), including scientific information relevant to Article 2 of the UNFCCC referring to the "...stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) The UNFCCC is a framework Convention which aims to limit the level of climate change. It focuses on promoting cooperation on understanding and reducing the effects of human activities on climate It adopts legislative or administrative measures against activities likely to have adverse effects. This instrument does not set precise objectives/targets. For target and limits, Kyoto Protocol later on was adopted. The UNFCCC is a framework Convention which focuses on promoting cooperation by means of systematic observations, research and information exchange on the effects of human activities on climate, and adopting legislative or administrative measures against activities likely to have adverse effects. This instrument does not set precise objectives. It is the reason why such a framework Convention is followed by Protocols detailing obligations such as Kyoto Protocol.

UNFCCC requirements As indicated, despite UNFCCC declarations, it does not set quantitative targets. In requires that all Parties: Develop and report “national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks”. Commit to develop measures related to GHG control. Promote “technology transfer and the sustainable management, conservation, etc. ….” on climate change Consider climate change in social, economic and environmental policy development. Cooperate in sciences, techniques and education as well as exchange of information related to climate change. Promote public awareness and education. Despite these declarations, the commitment does not require imperative GHG release reduction. The requirements imposed on States are limited to commitments (Article 4) and communication regarding implementation (Article 12). In short, all Parties have to: Develop and communicate to the Conference of Parties a “national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks”. Commit to develop and communicate the measures related to GHG control. Promote “technology transfer and the sustainable management, conservation, and enhancement of greenhouse gas sinks and reservoirs (such as forests and oceans).” (UNEP/UNFCCC, 2002) Consider climate change in social, economic and environmental policy development. Cooperate in sciences, techniques and education as well as exchange information related to climate change. Promote public awareness and education.

Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol (1997) concluded a first part of efforts to create stronger commitment for the developed countries. Annex I countries accepted binding reduction targets. Non-Annex I countries accepted to support the process within CBDR (Common But Differentiated Responsibility) framework. The GHG emissions are categorised as six main items including CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6. To reach their targets, Annex I countries can reduce their emission and/or offset their emissions via: Joint Implementation Clean Development Emission Trading The Kyoto Protocol (1997) concluded a first part of efforts to create stronger commitment for the developed countries. Annex I countries accepted to reduction targets. Non-Annex I countries accepted to support the process within CBDR (Common But Differentiated Responsibility). The Kyoto Protocol set binding emission targets for the developed countries in Annex I. The GHG emissions are categorised as six main item including CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6. To reach their targets, countries can reduce their emission and/or offset their emissions via: Joint Implementation Clean Development Emission Trading Kyoto Protocol commitments were for up to 2012 and now negotiations are underway for post-Kyotol arrangement.

Post Kyoto Kyoto Protocol commitments are extended to 2020. Currently, climate change negotiations are underway for post-Kyoto arrangement. Paris (December 2015) may make new binding decisions for post- Kyoto. To Instructors: Talk about climate change negotiations If any decisions were made in Paris, update this page and explain.

Montreal Protocol – Prevention of Ozone Depletion The Montreal Protocol is designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of ODS (Ozone Depleting Substances). Entered into force 1 January 1989 Gases considered in terms of Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): The ODP is based on the amount of chlorine which is released by the refrigerant as it degrades. Reference ODP is for CFC R11 (also known as Freon-11, CFC-11, or R-11) which is taken as 1. Most of refrigerants are strong GHG emissions and thus limitation of ODS will help climate change as well. The Montreal Protocol is designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of substances known as ODS (Ozone Depleting Substances). Entered into force 1 January 1989 Gases considered in terms of Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): The ODP is based on the amount of chlorine which is released by the refrigerant as it degrades. Reference ODP is for CFC R11 (also known as Freon-11, CFC-11, or R-11) which is taken as 1. Most of refrigerants are strong GHG emissions and thus limitation of ODS will help climate change as well. 28

GHG and Shipping UNCLOS and pollution Emissions from shipping MARPOL Annex VI & its chapter 4

Climate change impact on oceans Oceans are a major sink for air emissions. Ocean water properties changes as a result. Ecosystems and marine habitats are disturbed by the modification of the ocean properties. Oceans acidification: Due to absorption of CO2 and acid rains. A lower pH by 0.1 units already in place. The high speed acidification may impair the ability of many organisms to cope with changing water properties. Ocean dilatation (sea-level rise) endanger the coastal ecosystems and accelerates erosion. Oceans a major sink for air emissions. Ocean water properties changes as a result. Ecosystems and habitats are disturbed by the modification of the ocean properties. Oceans acidification: Due to absorption of CO2 (as part of the natural carbon cycle) and acid rains. A lower pH by 0.1 units already in place. The high speed acidification may impair the ability of many organisms to cope with changing water properties. Ocean dilatation and sea-level rise endanger the coastal ecosystems and accelerates erosion.

World Fleet evolution from 1914-2007 Continuous increase in: Number of ships Growth tonnage Average tonnage (size) To Instructor: Explain that world fleet has continuously increased in terms of number and tonnage. Explain that average tonnage has also increased thus size of ships. Source: Lloyd's Register, Statistical Tables, World fleet statistics 2000

United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Seas (UNCLOS) The UNCLOS possesses extensive references to the protection of the environment. In its preamble, the UNCLOS recalls the importance to: “Promote the peaceful uses of the seas and oceans, the equitable and efficient utilization of their resources, the conservation of their living resources, and the study, protection and preservation of the marine environment.” UNCLOS demonstrates the importance of protecting the environment via developing proper enforcement mechanisms. The UNCLOS possesses extensive references to the protection of the environment. In its preamble, the UNCLOS recalls the importance to: “Promote the peaceful uses of the seas and oceans, the equitable and efficient utilization of their resources, the conservation of their living resources, and the study, protection and preservation of the marine environment.” UNCLOS demonstrates the importance of protecting the environment and developing proper enforcement mechanisms which can be materialized through certification and inspection regimes

UNCLOS Principles The UNCLOS reaffirms: State duty to protect the environment and responsibility not to harm others. The measures developed should not transfer the damage or risks. The global and regional cooperation are paramount in environmental protection. The risks and effects of pollution must be assessed scientifically. The air pollution is an established concern. Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement systems have to be developed to verify the compliance of the activities. TO INSTRUCTOR: List the main principles related to UNCLOS justifying the action against air pollution in shipping Ask the participants to read the original articles in their textbook. Explain the following: The United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Seas (UNCLOS) recalls: State duty to protect the environment and responsibility not to harm others. The measures developed should not transfer the damage or risks. The global and regional cooperation are paramount in environmental protection. The risks and effects of pollution must be assessed scientifically. The air pollution is an established concern. Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement systems have to be developed to verify the compliance of the activities.

Why IMO energy efficiency regulation? Within Kyoto Protocol, IMO is mandated to deal with international shipping GHG emissions. “The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation emissions of GHG from marine bunker fuels, working through the International Maritime Organization” [Extracts from Article 2.2 of the Kyoto Protocol] To Instructors: Explain the role of IMO in international shipping Explain the role of IMO based on UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. 34 34

IMO structure To Instructors Explain the IMO governance structure Highlight the role of MEPC

IMO Conventions relating to environmental protection Note to Instructors: Explain MARPOL Convention Specifically refer to MARPOL Annex VI Refer to other IMO Conventions and explain their main purpose and status summarily.

MARPOL Convention Annex I - Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil (entered into force 2 October 1983) Annex II - Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk (entered into force 2 October 1983) Annex III - Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form (entered into force 1 July 1992) Annex IV - Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships (entered into force 27 September 2003). Annex V - Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships (entered into force 31 December 1988). Annex VI - Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (entered into force 19 May 2005).

MARPOL Annex VI scope

MARPOL Annex VI Chapter 1 – General: introduces some of the basics of the Convention as well as certain useful definitions. Chapter 2 – Survey, certification and means of control: describe the Survey requirements, certification system and control principles including Port State Control issues and violation detection and enforcement. Chapter 3 – Requirement for control of emissions from ships: this chapter details the measures to address various air pollutants and important related issues as bunker management and incinerator. Chapter 4 – Regulation on energy efficiency for ships: the purpose of the chapter is to regulate some operational and design aspects. Some elements of this new part of the Annex VI enters into force in January 2013 TO INSTRUCTOR: Describe the structure of MARPOL Annex VI Highlight it new chapter 4

MARPOL Annex VI - Chapter 4 IMO developed framework Regulations 19, 20, 21, and 22 deal with EEDI and SEEMP. TO INSTRUCTOR: Present the IMO framework on energy efficiency. Do not go into detail as all these will be discussed in Module 2.

Overview of IMO Activities on GHG Emissions

IMO major studies 1st IMO GHG Study 2000. 2nd IMO GHG Study 2009. 3rd IMO GHG Study 2014.

2nd IMO GHG Study 2009 content Introduction to shipping and its legislative framework Emissions from shipping 1990–2007 Technological and operational potential for reduction of emissions Policy options for reductions of GHG emissions … Scenarios for forecast of future shipping emissions Climate impact Comparison of emissions of CO2 from ships with emissions from other modes of transport To Instructor Explain the list as content of report Introduction to shipping and its legislative framework Emissions from shipping 1990–2007 Technological and operational potential for reduction of emissions Policy options for reductions of GHG emissions … Scenarios for forecast of future shipping emissions Climate impact Comparison of emissions of CO2 from ships with emissions from other modes of transport

2nd GHG Study findings: Breakdown of shipping GHG emissions CO2 is the main shipping GHG emission. TO INSTRUCTOR: Detail the GHG involved in shipping and their relative amount Highlight the huge impact of CO2 justifying particular concerns Table in Second IMO GHG study 2009

2nd GHG Study findings: Shipping relative efficiency TO INSTRUCTOR: Comparison with other transportation modes Explain that energy efficiency is presently linked to size Highlight that shipping is best mode of cargo transport. Typical range of ship CO2 efficiencies compared to rail, road and air freight - in the Second IMO GHG Study 2009

2nd GHG Study findings: Shipping compared to other industries (global) In 2009, Shipping accounted for less than 2.7%. This share is forecast to increase in the future TO INSTRUCTOR: Comparison with other sectors Shipping represents only 3% but is having a great growth potential in the future in the Second IMO GHG study 2009

2nd GHG Study findings: Potential for reduction of CO2 EEDI & technology related measures SEEMP & operation related measures TO INSTRUCTOR: Recall that the data are extracted from the 2009 GHG study made by the IMO Shortly describe the table and list the item classified in two categories : Design / Operation Focus on the operation part which is the aim of the course Explain that in terms of operation, the responsibility holds on fleet management and ship operation Highlight that the highest saving in operation hold in the fleet management area Company dependent Vessel dependent Table in Second IMO GHG study 2009

2nd GHG Study findings: Policy approaches to reduce GHG Policy approaches at the IMO Technical Operational Economical Command and control policy focus on Ships and management Market-based instrument focus on Global objective   Deferred for later discussion TO INSTRUCTOR: The IMO possesses a triple approach of the topic: Technical / Operational / Economical Explain that the first two approaches consider design and management of ships while the other intend to create incentives in order to reduce GHG emissions Explain that the technical and operational approaches are included in the new amendment to MARPOL Annex VI, its chapter 4 Recall that the market-based instruments seem promising tools but are still under discussion Included in Annex VI Chapter 4

2nd GHG Study findings: Main findings Shipping was estimated to have emitted 3.3% of the global emissions during 2007. International shipping was estimated to have emitted 870 million tonnes, or about 2.7% of the global emissions in 2007. Carbon dioxide is the most important GHG emitted by ships. A significant potential for reduction of GHG emissions through technical and operational measures had been identified. Energy efficiency of ships could potentially be 25% to 75% below the current levels. A number of policies to reduce GHG emissions from ships were conceivable. Shipping had been shown, in general, to be an energy-efficient means of transportation compared to other modes. Shipping was estimated to have emitted 1046 million tonnes of CO2 in 2007, which corresponded to 3.3% of the global emissions during 2007. International shipping was estimated to have emitted 870 million tonnes, or about 2.7% of the global emissions of CO2in 2007. Exhaust gases were the primary source of air emissions and carbon dioxide was the most important GHG emitted by ships. A significant potential for reduction of GHG emissions through technical and operational measures had been identified. Energy efficiency of ships could potentially be 25% to 75% below the current levels. A number of policies to reduce GHG emissions from ships were conceivable. Shipping had been shown, in general, to be an energy-efficient means of transportation compared to other modes.

3rd IMO GHG Study 2014 The Third IMO GHG Study 2014 aimed to update the 2nd IMO GHG Study 2009. The main objective was to focus on the following topics: Development of the inventories of CO2 emissions from international shipping for 2007–2012 Development of the inventories of other air emissions from international shipping for 2007–2012 Development of future shipping scenarios and projection of shipping emissions for 2012–2050 The Third IMO GHG Study 2014 aimed to update the Second IMO GHG Study 2009, with the main objective of focussing on the following topics: Development of the inventories of CO2 emissions from international shipping for 2007–2012 Development of the inventories of other air emissions from international shipping for 2007–2012 Development of future shipping scenarios and projection of shipping emissions for 2012–2050

3rd IMO GHG study findings: Shipping share of global CO2 emissions International shipping share of total global GHG emissions has been 2.2% in 2012

3rd GHG Study findings: GHG emissions per ship type for 2012

3rd GHG Study findings: Emissions estimates Emissions estimates for all shipping for period 2007 to 2012. Green bar represents the 2nd IMO GHG Study 2009 estimate To Instructor Explain the findings Compare 2012 to 2007

3rd GHG Study findings: Fuel consumption details by ship type and system Annual shipping fuel consumption per ship type and combustion system To Instructor Highlight that main engine is the main consumer of fuel. On some ship types, auxiliary engines use significant amount of energy. On some ship types, auxiliary boilers use significant amount of energy.

3rd IMO GHG Study findings CO2 emissions projections Various scenarios modelled. An average increase of 50% to up to 250% of shipping emissions by 2050. This study plus a number of other past studies all point to the fact that future shipping GHG emissions will increase. Regulators aim to stabilise or reduce future emissions.

Activities leading to Chapter 4 of MARPOL Annex VI To Instructors: Describe the activities. Stay on this diagram longer to trainee to appreciate the amount of background work. Ask the trainee to read details of MEPC decisions from course-book

Developed current regulatory framework To Instructor Explain in general. Will be fully described under Module 2

IMO Further measures All studies shows that absolute level of shipping emissions and its global share will increase despite the current agreed measures. Thus further measures for energy efficiency are being debated. Currently, it is on a “data collection system” that primarily aim to regulate the ship’s fuel consumption measurement. Since April 2014, IMO reached preliminary conclusions on a general description of such a global data collection system. The draft developed data collection system identifies three core elements including: data collection by ships; flag State functions in relation to data collected including verification; and establishment of a centralized database by the IMO. All studies shows that absolute level of shipping emissions and its global share will increase despite the current agreed measures. Thus further measures for energy efficiency are being debated. This is generally known as “data collection system” that primarily aim to regulate the ship’s fuel consumption measurement. Since April 2014, IMO reached preliminary conclusions on a general description of such a global data collection system. The draft developed data collection system identifies three core elements including: (1) data collection by ships, (2) flag State functions in relation to data collected including verification and (3) establishment of a centralized database by the IMO.

IMO Further measures The main features of the IMO data collection system are: Applicable to ships of gross tonnage more than 5000 GT Annual reporting IMO number for ship identification Confidentiality of data such as transport work will be observed. Guidelines will be developed to deal with various details of data collection and verification activities. Registered owner will be responsible for submission of data to Administration Administration will be responsible for verification (can be delegated to Recognized Organizations). A Statement of Compliance (SoC) will be issued by the Administration to each ship annually. This work still under progress. As it stands now (2016), the following features are to some extent agreed: Applicable to ships of gross tonnage more than 5000 GT Annual reporting IMO number for ship identification Confidentiality of data such as transport work will be observed. Guidelines will be developed to deal with various details of data collection and verification activities. Registered owner will be responsible for submission of data to Administration Administration will be responsible for verification (can be delegated to Recognized Organizations). A Statement of Compliance (SoC) will be issued by the Administration to each ship annually. This work still under progress.

Further measures – Debate on Market Based Measures (MBM) Despite significant debate on MBM in the past, discussion on this subject is currently suspended. TO INSTRUCTOR: Present a summary previous debates Emphasise that there is currently no plan at IMO to resume this debate.

Summary of learning points Consequence of combustion outcome Global impact on ecosystems International actions: UNEP IPCC UNFCC and Kyoto Protocol International shipping and IMO UNCLOS MARPOL Convention IMO GHG studies and their findings MARPOL Annex VI Overview of IMO activities leading to energy efficiency regulations and further measures. TO INSTRUCTOR: Review and gauge if trainees understood.

Thank you for your attention ANY QUESTIONS? For more information please see: www.imo.org I thank you for your attention.