Imperialism & Nationalism Chapter 21 Imperialism & Nationalism

South East Asia China and Indonesia was split among the European and American Imperialist powers at the turn of the century. Local elites stayed in power when an Imperialist country ran it by indirect rule.

If a colony was run by direct rule, local elites were removed from power and replaced with a new set of officials from the mother country. This usually occurred when locals did not comply with Imperialist rulers. Viceroy

The British gained a foothold in the area after Sir Stamford Raffles established the colony of Singapore. Statue in Singapore

Modern-day Singapore

After the U.S. beat Spain and acquired Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo led a movement for independence in the Philippines.

This led to a brutal war between the U. S This led to a brutal war between the U.S. and the Filipinos in which the U.S. re-acquired the territory.

Africa Muhammad Ali seized power in Egypt in 1805 and established a separate Egyptian state. The Boers were descendants of the original Dutch settlers of Cape Town and the surrounding areas.

Imperialist European forces started to divide up Africa in the late 1880’s. Originally sent to Africa to find David Livingstone, Henry Stanley was hired by King Leopold II of Belgium.

A belief of racial superiority emerged with Imperialism. Rudyard Kipling coined the term “white man’s burden” as a result of this belief.

The “White Man’s Burden” stated that Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize primitive peoples. White people are the rulers of the world and should be responsible and civilize the rest.

The only free states remaining in Africa by 1914 were Liberia and Ethiopia. Liberia was connected to the United States and Ethiopia fiercely fought Italy to maintain its independence.

India Lord Macaulay designed a new school system in India to train Indian children to serve in the colonial government and army.

In 1857, a growing Indian distrust of the British led to the First War of Independence, which the British called the Sepoy Mutiny. Several Indian leaders emerged from this independence movement.

The Indian author who was also a social reformer, spiritual leader, educator, philosopher, singer, and painter was Rabindranath Tagore.

Mohandas Gandhi set up a nonviolent movement with the aim to force the British to aid the poor and grant independence to India.

Peaceful, nonviolent, ACTIVE resistance

Also the Indian National Congress was established. The goal of the Indian National Congress was to share in the governing process of India.

Latin America Many Latin American countries declared independence from their European colonial parents. In the Latin American colonial system, the mestizos were the largest group; worked as servants and laborers.

As a result of the prosperity that came from increased exports after independence, Latin America witnessed a growth in the middle sectors of Latin American society.

Simon Bolivar joined José de San Martin’s forces to complete the liberation of Peru. The conservative elites in Mexico chose Agustín de Iturbide to lead a revolt against Spanish rule.

Madero as president of Mexico Pofirio Diaz By seizing control of Mexico from Porfirio Diaz, Francisco Madero opened the door to a wider revolution led by Emiliano Zapata. Madero as president of Mexico

Southern Mexican revolutionary leader Killed by opposing forces.

The son of Native American peasants, Benito Juarez brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including land distribution to the poor.