Unit 5 The Atlantic World & the Age of Absolutism

Spread of Christianity Means of diffusion of Christianity Migration of colonists to new lands Influence of Catholics and Protestants, who carried their faith, language, and cultures to new lands Conversion of indigenous peoples to Christianity

Legacy of Europeans in the Americas Expansion of overseas territorial claims and European emigration to North and South America Demise of Aztec, Maya, and Inca Empires Legacy of a rigid class system based on race and dictatorial rule in Latin America Forced migration of some Africans into slavery Colonies’ imitation of the culture and social patterns of their parent country

Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange-the exchange of goods, crops, diseases and ideas between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres Western Hemisphere agricultural products such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco changed European lifestyles. European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles of American Indians European diseases like smallpox killed many American Indians

Triangle Trade The triangular trade linked Europe,Africa, and the Americas. Slaves, sugar, and rum were traded.

Triangle Trade African exports Slaves (triangular trade) Raw materials (ivory, gold) African imports Manufactured goods from Europe, Asia, and the Americas New food products (corn, peanuts)

Triangle Trade Africa European trading posts along the coast Trade in slaves, gold, and other products

New Wealth in the Americas led to the Commercial Revolution European maritime nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources. A new economic system emerged. New money and banking systems were created. Economic practices such as mercantilism evolved. Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country. Mercantilism: An economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become self-sufficient; based on the theory that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country

Commercial Revolution

Characteristics of absolute monarchies Centralization of power-growing wealth of the monarchs helped them take power from the other nobles in the kingdom. Monarchs gained wealth from the discoveries in the New World as they controlled all resources found in the New World; with the exception of England Concept of rule by divine right- the idea that God had chosen the ruling family to be in charge. Anyone who went against the monarch was going against God.

Absolute Monarchs in Europe Louis XIV—France, Palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal power

Absolute Monarchs in Europe Frederick the Great—Prussia, emphasis on military power

Absolute Monarchs in Europe Peter the Great—Russia, westernization of Russia He took power away from the boyars-Russian nobles to give it to himself.

War of Spanish Succession The monarchs and nobles of Europe believed in the idea of a “balance of power” This was a practice that split up the continent equally and tried to limit one family, one monarch, or one country from gaining too much power.

War of Spanish Succession When Charles II of Spain died (1700) without an heir, he gave his throne to Phillip-Louis XIV of France’s grandson. Louis refused to remove Phillip from his line of succession. This meant that Phillip could one day unite France and Spain into one huge European Empire Charles II Phillip V

War of Spanish Succession The other powers of Europe joined to go to war with France and Spain to prevent Phillip and Louis from dominating Europe Eventually the Peace of Utrecht (1714) ended the war when Phillip V renounced his claim to the French throne and decided to stay on as the Spanish king The Balance of Power in Europe was restored

Background-”Absolutism” in England King Henry II Jury trials established “Common Law”: a single legal system “common” to the whole country

Queen Elizabeth Had frequent conflicts with Parliament Parliament: lawmaking body in charge of handing out the money for the government **Rulers saw Parliament’s financial power as an obstacle to becoming an absolute monarch**

Path to Democracy King James I Ruled after Elizabeth James believed he had absolute authority to rule and did not need the consent of Parliament Parliament was reluctant to pay for James’ expensive court and foreign wars Died in 1625 and his son Charles I came to the throne

The Reign of James I Believed in divine right Did not support Puritans who wanted to “purify” the Church of England Mother was the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots

Charles I Always needed more money for wars against Spain and France Several times Parliament refused to give him money As a result, Charles got rid of Parliament

The Reign of Charles I Signed the Petition of Right in 1628 giving rights to Parliament He would not imprison subjects without cause He would not levy taxes without the consent of Parliament He would not house soldiers in private homes Charles ultimately ignored this document Dissolved Parliament when they did not give him money

Charles’ popularity went way down, and the country erupted into Civil War

The Reign of Charles I Parliament called back because Charles needed money Parliament refused to consent to new taxes unless Charles agreed to share power with Parliament Charles once again dissolves Parliament (uses soldiers!!!!) and tries to arrest its leaders

End of Absolute Monarchy Civil War ( ) between Cavaliers and Roundheads By 1644—no one was winning, until the Puritans named Oliver Cromwell as a new general Parliamentary forces under Oliver Cromwell defeat forces loyal to Charles

End of Absolute Monarchy Charles is tried for treason for making war against his own people Charles I executed The first time a king was tried and executed in public No English monarch would again claim absolute power

English Civil War From – supporters and opponents of King Charles fought Supporters=Royalis ts or Cavaliers Opponents=Purita ns (loyal to Parliament)

Oliver Cromwell At first—Cromwell abolished the monarchy and established a republican form of government

Oliver Cromwell ( ) Rump Parliament - ineffective and corrupt Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament (used soldiers!!) Became “Lord Protector” (NOT KING!!!!) Established Puritan dictatorship

Oliver Cromwell Dies in 1658 His son, Richard, unable to hold onto power 1660 – A new Parliament restores the monarchy under Charles I’s son, Charles II Called “The Restoration”

Charles II

The Reign of Charles II Religion Passed Clarendon Code which limited the rights of Catholics Vowed never to convert to Catholicism

The Reign of Charles II Relationship with Parliament Constitutional Monarchy - monarch’s power limited by a constitution Act of Habeas Corpus - established guaranteed legal rights of individuals

First political parties begin Charles had no son, so there was a fight over who would rule next The Tories supported Charles’ brother, James The Whigs opposed James These were the first two political parties

James II

The Reign of James II He believed in the “divine right” of kings (like his father and grandfather) He was Charles II’s brother

The Reign of James II Religion Appointed Catholics to government and university positions Converted to Catholicism and pledged his son would also rule as a Catholic monarch

The Reign of James II Glorious Revolution Parliament encourages William of Orange and his wife Mary II to invade England (both were also Protestant)

The Reign of James II James fled without a fight

Glorious Revolution Because there was no bloodshed between the change of rulers this is known as the Glorious Revolution when William & Mary take the throne

POLITICAL CHANGES William and Mary recognized Parliament’s power, creating a constitutional monarchy, where laws limit the power of the monarchy 1689: Bill of Rights signed to help define the limits placed on royal power No suspending of Parliament or its laws No levying taxes without Parliament’s permission Free Speech

More Political Changes… Cabinet system developed To avoid a standstill between Parliament and the monarch, a third branch of government was created Cabinet: in charge of policymaking and is headed by the Prime Minister