GS105  Elements  Compounds  Mixtures  Physical & Chemical Properties  Chemical Symbols  Metrics & Calculations

GS105 stuff The stuff things are made of. Mass Volume Has Mass and Volume (takes up space). (Air, water, rocks, etc..)  Matter Mass amount Mass = The amount of stuff (in g’s) ( Bowling Ball > Balloon) Weight Weight = Pull of Gravity on matter. “The study of Matter and its Changes.”

GS105 Pure Substance Pure Substance - something of uniform composition that can’t be sorted further by differences. ie. Table of known elements Element Element - Pure substance composed of only one kind of atom. ie. Aluminum (Al) Atom Atom - The smallest unit of an element that is still that element.

GS105 Chemical Compound Chemical Compound - A pure substance that is a combination of different elements. Molecule Molecule -The smallest unit of bonded atoms that is still that substance. Contains > 1 atom or element Contains > 1 atom or element. ie. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) ie. Water (H 2 O) ie. Oxygen (O 2 ) ie. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )

GS105 Mixture Mixture - NOT of uniform composition and CAN be sorted further by differences. ie. Homogenized Milk Homogeneous Homogeneous – (solution) Looks like a pure substance but is not. Heterogeneous Heterogeneous - Visibly a combination of different substances. ie. Granite ie. Salt Water (H 2 O + NaCl) ie. Pizza

GS105 Matter Pure Substance MixtureElementCompound Fe FeS MgMgO Mg + O 2 Fe + S HomogeneousHeterogeneous

GS105 Pizza Mixture Homogeneous (Solution) (Solution)Heterogeneous Fe + S Mixtures Non-uniform compositionNon-uniform compositionNon-uniform compositionNon-uniform composition Uniform composition Air Urine Gasoline Sand Tea w/ice

GS105  Youtube: Legos (1:11 min)  k7XuMFM k7XuMFM

GS105 Examples Color Odor Taste Feel Density  Characteristics that can be evaluated (by seeing, smelling, feeling….) without changing the composition of the material. Melting / Freezing point Boiling point Compressibility Shape/ Form (Crystal structure; foil, wire, powder…)

GS105  A physical property describes the look or feel of a substance.

GS105 He Rn XeI KrBrSe ArClS NeFO P NC H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTaPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNiCoFeMnCrV InSbSn GaGe Al Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es At Te As Si B Solid Liquid Gas

GS105 Chemistry = “The study of Matter and its Changes.” Physical Changes Physical Changes = Physical Property Changes in a Physical Property Appearance: melting, freezing, evaporation…melting, freezing, evaporation… stretching, molding, cutting…stretching, molding, cutting… ie. Al into foil, wire, engines……

GS105 Changes of Phase Melting Pt = Freezing Pt Boiling Pt Solid Liquid Vapor CondenseCondense FreezeFreeze MeltMelt VaporizeVaporize Slow, close, Fixed arrangement Moderate, close, Random arrangement Fast, far apart, Random

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Solid Liquid Vapor Changes of Phase Frost DepositDeposit SublimeSublime Freeze Dry

GS105 Separation of Mixtures Take advantage of differing physical properties. Magnetic Fe + nonmagnetic S Filtration: Sand from Salt water Distillation: pure water from salt water Chromatography: Black ink  colors

GS105 Separation of Mixtures Desalination – remove salt Distillation – water boils at 100C the impurity (salt) at 800C Water boils first – cools –condenses pure Heat must come from SOMEWHERE—expensive Water Purification

GS105 Water Purification Solar Still Separation of Mixtures

GS105 Chemistry = “The study of Matter and its Changes.” Physical Changes Physical Changes = Physical Property Changes in a Physical Property Appearance: melting, freezing, evaporation…melting, freezing, evaporation… stretching, molding, cutting…stretching, molding, cutting… Chemical Changes Chemical Changes = Chemical Property Changes in a Chemical Property Chemical Composition:

GS105 It is a chemical property of iron to transform into rust.

GS105  Change in the Chemical Composition Burning of Magnesium Rusting of Iron Decomposing of wood Souring of Milk Examples:

GS105

 Compounds have properties different from the elements from which they are made. Na + Cl 2  NaCl Chemical Changes

GS105 Youtube:  Properties of Matter Rap- Justin Bieber "Boyfriend" (3.30 min) ◦ Youtube: – Chemical Changes vs Physical Changes: (3.43 min) –

GS105 Mulching leaves chemicalphysical Which are chemical or physical changes? Tarnishing Silver Fermentation Making ice into water Carbonated Beverage going flat Bleaching a stain Physical Physical Physical Chemical Chemical Chemical

GS105 The transformation of oxygen, O 2, into ozone, O 3, is an example of A. a physical change. B. a chemical change. C. both a physical and chemical change. D. neither a physical nor chemical change. O=O O O O O O O oxygenozone

GS105 The transformation of oxygen, O 2, into ozone, O 3, is an example of A. a physical change. B. a chemical change. C. both a physical and chemical change. D. neither a physical nor chemical change. O=O O O O O O O oxygenozone Explanation: The same kinds of atoms are involved but how they are arranged is completely different. Thus, a new substance has been formed.

GS105 Melting a piece of solid gold would be… A. a physical change. B. a chemical change. C. both a physical and chemical change. D. neither a physical nor chemical change.

GS105 Melting a piece of solid gold would be… A. a physical change. B. a chemical change. C. both a physical and chemical change. D. neither a physical nor chemical change. Explanation: The gold is still gold, it is now in a liquid state.

GS105 Tarnishing a piece of silver would be… A. a physical change. B. a chemical change. C. both a physical and chemical change. D. neither a physical nor chemical change.

GS105 Tarnishing a piece of silver would be… A. a physical change. B. a chemical change. C. both a physical and chemical change. D. neither a physical nor chemical change. Explanation: Tarnish transforms pure silver, Ag, to silver sulfide, Ag 2 S.

GS105

He Rn XeI KrBrSe ArClS NeFO P NC H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTaPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNiCoFeMnCrV InSbSn GaGe Al Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es At Te As Si B Solid Liquid Gas

GS105 Each element is assigned a unique symbol 1-2 letters; 1st is capitalized Bromine Nickel Hydrogen Nitrogen Aluminum

GS105 Elements with same starting letter, get second letter added to the symbol Atomic Symbols Chlorine Chromium Calcium Carbon CobaltCopper (Cu)

GS105 The original name is often of Latin or Greek origin Potassium (Kalium) Lead (Plumbum) Sodium (Natrium) Iron (Ferrum) Silver (Argentum) Gold (Aurum)

GS105 Some of the elements whose symbols are derived from other languages Copper (Cuprum from Cyprus )Cu Gold (Aurum Shining Dawn )Au Iron (Ferrum)Fe Lead (Plumbum)Pb Mercury (Hydrargyrum Liquid silver )Hg Potassium (Kalium)K Silver (Argentum)Ag Sodium (Natrium)Na Tin (Stannum)Sn Tungsten (Wolfrum)W

GS105 H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTa He RnAtPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNiCoFeMnCrV InXeITeSbSn GaKrBrSeAsGe AlArClSPSi BNeFONC I A III B IVB V B VIB VIIB VIII B IB IIB Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals HalogensHalogens Noble gases III A IV A V A VI A VIIA VIIIA II A Transition Metals

GS105 He Rn XeI KrBrSe ArClS NeFO P NC H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTaPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNiCoFeMnCrV InSbSn GaGe Al Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es At Te As Si B Periods are assigned numbers Periods are assigned numbers

GS105 At Te As Si B He Rn Xe I KrBrSe ArClS NeFO P NC H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTaPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNi Co FeMnCrV InSbSn GaGe Al Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es MetalsMetals Lustrous, malleable and ductile. Conductors (heat & electricity) Solids at room temp (except Hg) Lose electrons to non-metals. Lustrous, malleable and ductile. Conductors (heat & electricity) Solids at room temp (except Hg) Lose electrons to non-metals.

GS105 He Rn XeI KrBrSe ArClS NeFO P NC H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTaPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNiCoFeMnCrV InSbSn GaGe Al Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es At Te As Si B Non-metalsNon-metals Gasliquidsolid (dull, brittle) Gas, liquid, solid (dull, brittle) Poor conductors = Insulators Many are diatomic molecules. Gain e’s from metals Share e’s with other non-metals Gasliquidsolid (dull, brittle) Gas, liquid, solid (dull, brittle) Poor conductors = Insulators Many are diatomic molecules. Gain e’s from metals Share e’s with other non-metals

GS105 He Rn Xe I KrBrSe ArClS NeFO P NC H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTaPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNiCoFeMnCrV InSbSn GaGe Al Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es At Te As Si B MetaloidsMetaloids Intermediate properties Semi conductors Intermediate properties Semi conductors

GS105 H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTaPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNi Co FeMnCrV InSn Ga Al Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es He Rn XeI KrBrSe ArClS NeFO P NC Sb Ge At Te As Si B MetaloidsMetaloids MetalsMetals Non-metalsNon-metals

GS105 Diatomic Molecules H 2 O 2 F 2 Br 2 I 2 N 2 Cl 2

GS105  Elemental formulas: Show proportion of atoms in unit. MoleculesFormula Oxygen O2O2 Ozone O3O3 Sulfur S8S8 GoldAu HOFBrINCl Element: made of only one kind of atom. The term “element” is used when referring to macroscopic quantities. The term “atom” is used when discussing the submicroscopic. Atom: The fundamental unit of an element.

GS105 CompoundFormula Sodium ChlorideNaCl Ammonia NH 3 WaterH2OH2O Methane CH 4  Compound: A substance consisting of atoms of different elements. Chemical formula: Shows the proportion by which elements combine

GS105  Guideline 1 — Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table. Example: NaCl NaCl SodiumChlorine —For the element to the right, add the suffix -ide.  chloride Ionic Formulas: Metal + Nonmetal: Sodiumchloride

GS105 Example: CO CO CarbonOxygen  oxide Covalent Formulas: Nonmetals Only CarbonOxide Guideline 2 —With different possible combinations of nonmetals, use prefixes to remove ambiguity. 1 mono 2 di 3 tri 4 tetra 5 penta 6 hexa …..

GS105  Guideline 1 — Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table. — For the element to the right, add the suffix -ide.  Guideline 2 — With different possible combinations of nonmetals, use prefixes to remove ambiguity. mono-1 di-2 tri-3 tetra-4 penta-5 CO 2 COcarbon monoxide carbon dioxide Examples:

GS105 Examples: H2O2H2O2 H2OH2O dihydrogen monoxide dihydrogen dioxide Naming Compounds Guideline 3 —Common names are sometimes used for convenience. “Water” “Hydrogen peroxide”

GS105  Summary:  Guideline 1 — Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table. — For the element to the right, add the suffix -ide.  Guideline 2 — With different possible combinations of nonmetals, use prefixes to remove ambiguity.  Guideline 3 — Common names are sometimes used for convenience.

GS105 A. Chrobrofor B. SeeBeAr4 C. Carbon bromide D. Carbon tetrabromide. What is the name of the compound with the formula CBr 4 ?

GS105 A. Chrobrofor B. SeeBeAr4 C. Carbon bromide D. Carbon tetrabromide. What is the name of the compound with the formula CBr 4 ?

GS105 Naming Practice Potasium Chloride MgO NF 3 SO 2 N2O4N2O4N2O4N2O4 HCl CCl 4 CaBr 2 KCl Magnesium Oxide Nitrogen Triflouride Sulfur Dioxide Calcium Bromide Dinitrogen tetroxide Hydrogen Chloride Carbon tetrachloride

GS105 CO CO 2 N2O5N2O5 SiO 2 ICl 3 P2O5P2O5 SiF 4 May modify rules to improve the sound. Example Example - use monoxide not monooxide. silicon tetraflouride diphophorous pentoxide iodine trichloride silicon dioxide carbon monoxide carbon dioxide dinitrogen pentoxide

GS105  Line bond structures

Chemical Changes H 2 + O 2  H 2 O H 2 O  H 2 + O 2 Energy is required Energy is given off

GS105 Energy Energy = The capacity to cause change Heat Light

GS105 Potential Energy stored Energy Potential Energy = stored Energy (Has potential for motion) Kinetic Energy Energy in motion Kinetic Energy = Energy in motion (Fulfilling its potential) X

GS105 Mg + O 2  MgO + Energy  Shows how the Chemical change occurs. Reactants C 3 H 8 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy  Fe + O 2 Fe 2 O 3 ProductsProducts

GS105 Chemist’s shorthand to describe a reaction. ReactantsReactants ProductsProducts The state of all substancesThe state of all substances H 2 + O 2 H 2 O + E (g)(g) (g) Any conditions used in the reactionAny conditions used in the reaction heat Same # & type atoms on each sideSame # & type atoms on each side Law of Conservation of Matter Law of Conservation of Matter 2 2 (g) (l) (s) (aq)

GS105 Learning Check

GS105 Learning Check: Solution

GS105 Learning Check

GS105 Learning Check: Solution

GS105 Learning Check

GS105 Learning Check: Solution

GS105 MetricSICommon Conversions Length Volume Mass Time Temp Units of Measurement meter (m) meter (m) 1 m = 1.09 yd 2.54 cm = 1 in 2.54 cm = 1 in liter (L) cubic meter (m 3 ) gram (g) Kilogram (kg) 1 kg = 2.20 lb 1 L = 1.06 qt 946 mL = 1 qt Celsius ( o C) Kelvin (K) o C = ( o F-32)/1.8 K = o C second (s) second (s) 60 s = 1 min 68

GS105 For each of the following, indicate whether the unit describes 1) length, 2) mass, or 3) volume. ____ A. A bag of tomatoes is 4.5 kg. ____ B. A person is 2.0 m tall. ____ C. A medication contains 0.50 g of aspirin. ____ D. A bottle contains 1.5 L of water.

GS105 For each of the following, indicate whether the unit describes 1) length, 2) mass, or 3) volume. ____ A. A bag of tomatoes is 4.5 kg. ____ B. A person is 2.0 m tall. ____ C. A medication contains 0.50 g of aspirin. ____ D. A bottle contains 1.5 L of water

GS105 Prefix (Symbol) Factor (multiple) Common Conversion mega (M) kilo (k) deci (d) centi (c) milli (m) micro (  ) nano (n) 1,000,000 = (10 6 ) 1Mm = 1,000,000 m 1,000 = (10 3 ) 1km = 1,000 m 0.1 = (10 -1 ) 1m = 10 dm 0.01 = (10 -2 ) 1m = 100 cm = (10 -3 ) 1m = 1,000 mm = (10 -6 ) 1m = 1,000,000  m 0.000,000,001 = (10 -9 ) 1m = 1,000,000,000 nm

GS105

Example: Metric Conversion Factor label method Identify your conversions factors. 1 m = cm 100 cm = 1 1 m 74 How many centimeters are there in 5.5 meters?

GS105 Identify what is to the problem. want Identify how you want the answer to look. 5.5 m = cm 75 How many centimeters are there in 5.5 meters? 1 m = cm 100 cm = 1 1 m

GS105 Multiply by conversion factors until units cancel. If the words work, the numbers will work. 5.5 m 1 = cm 100 cm 1 m How many centimeters are there in 5.5 meters? If the words don’t work, the numbers won’t work. 5.5 m 1 1 m 1 m 100 cm = m 2 = m 2 cm cm True but not useful

GS105 Example: Metric Conversion How many milligrams (mg) are in 5 kilograms (kg)? Factor label method Identify your conversions factors. 1 kg = g 1000 g = 1 1 kg 1 g = mg 1000 mg = 1 1 g CH10477

GS105 Identify what is to the problem. want Identify how you want the answer to look. 5 kg = mg Example:Metric Conversion Example: Metric Conversion How many milligrams are in 5 kilograms? CH10478

GS105 Multiply by conversion factors until units cancel. If the words work, the numbers will work. 5 kg 1 = mg 1000 g 1 kg 1000 mg 1 g 5,000,000 Example:Metric Conversion Example: Metric Conversion How many milligrams are in 5 kilograms? CH10479

GS105 How many meters are there in 25 centimeters? 80

GS105 How many meters are in 3 kilometers? 3000 m = 3 km How many milliliters are in 0.5 liters? 500 mL = 0.5 L How many grams are in 2.5 kg? 2500 g = 2.5 kg How many millimeters are in 1 meter? 1000 mm = 1 m 81

GS105 How many teaspoons in a barrel of oil? barrel of oil= 42. gallons 1 gallon= 4quarts 1 quart= 4cups 1 cup= 16tablespoons 1 tablespoon= 3 teaspoons 42 gal 1 bal 4 qt 1 gal 4 cup 1 qt 16 Tbl 1 cup 3 tsp 1 Tbl = tsp 1 bal 32,256 32,000 tsp CH10482

GS105 How many grams are there in 125 pounds? 454 g = 1 lb1 L = 1.06 qt2.54 cm = 1 in How many inches are there in 8.7 meters? CH10483

GS105 Example: English-Metric Conversion How many seconds are in 2.5 hours? Identify your conversions factors.Identify your conversions factors. 1 hr = 1 60 min 60 min = 1 1 hr 1.0 min = sec 60 sec = min CH10484

GS hr Example: English-Metric Conversion 60.0 min 1 hr 60.0 sec 1 min = sec unique Identify what is unique to the problem. want Identify how you want the answer to look. CH10485 How many seconds are in 2.5 hours?

GS105 A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How many centimeters long is the snake? 1) 2440 cm 2) 244 cm 3) 24.4 cm 86 CH104

GS m x 100 cm = 244 cm 1 m 87 CH104 A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How many centimeters long is the snake? 1) 2440 cm 2) 244 cm 3) 24.4 cm

GS105 The density of octane, a component of gasoline, is g/mL. What is the mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane? 1) kg2) 614 kg3) 1.25 kg 88 CH104

GS105 Given: D = g/mL V = 875 mL Need: kg Plan: mL  g  kg Equalities: density g = 1 mL and 1 kg = 1000 g Set up problem: 875 mL x g x 1 kg = kg 1 mL 1000 g The density of octane, a component of gasoline, is g/mL. What is the mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane? 1) kg2) 614 kg3) 1.25 kg CH10489