Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Chapter 12 Gender Inequality In Conflict and Order: Understanding Society, 11 th edition This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Gender Sex refers to the biological differences between females and males Gender refers to the social and cultural meaning attached to femininity and masculinity.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Women and Men are Differentiated and Ranked Gender Stratification –Refers to the ranking of the sexes in such a way that women are unequal in resources, power, and opportunities Scientists have competing explanations for gender differences. –Sociologists treat gender as a feature of social structure.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Is Gender Biological or Social? Biological Bases for Gender Roles –Chromosomal and hormonal differences make females and males physically different. –Biological differences that do exist between women and men are only averages. Social Bases for Gender Roles –Every society transforms biological females and males into socially interacting women and men. –Cross-cultural evidence shows a wide variation for the behaviors of the sexes.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Gender and Power Male dominance refers to the beliefs and placement that value men over women and that institutionalize male control of socially valued resources. Gender inequality is tied to other inequalities such as race, class, and sexuality to sort women and men differently.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Gender Stratification from the Order and Conflict Perspectives The Order Perspective –From the order perspective, biology, history, and society’s needs combine to separate men and women into distinctive gender roles.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Gender Stratification from the Order and Conflict Perspectives The Conflict Perspective –According to the conflict view, gender roles are not neutral ways of meeting societies’ needs but are part of the larger system of power and domination.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Learning Gender Children at home –Girls and boys are treated differently from the moment of birth. –One of the strongest influences on gender role development in children occurs in the family setting. Children at play –Children teach each other to behave according to cultural expectation. –Toys play a major part in gender socialization.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Learning Gender In 1972 Congress outlawed sex discrimination in public schools, however, research indicates schools shortchange girls in every dimension of education. –Curriculum –Textbooks –Teacher-student interactions –Sports –Female Role Models –Counseling –Socialization as Blaming the Victim

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Reinforcing Male Dominance Male dominance is both a force that socializes and a force that structures the social world. –Language –Interpersonal behavior –Mass communications media –Religion –The law –Politics

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Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Structured Gender Inequality Today, women make up nearly half the workforce. –Gender segregation refers to the pattern whereby women and men are situated in different jobs throughout the labor force. In 2004, women who worked full-time, year- round earned 77 cents for every dollar men earned. Women of color make up 14% of the private sector workforce in the U.S. –They are the most segregated group in the workforce.

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Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Structured Gender Inequality Since 1980, twenty states have implemented pay-equity programs that reduced the gender wage gap. Many organizational features block women’s advancement. –In the white-collar workforce, the well-documented phenomenon of women going just so far is called the glass ceiling. Economic globalization is altering gender relations around the world by bringing women into the public sphere.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Fighting the System Three stages of feminist social movements –The first stage grew out of the abolition movement of the 1830s. –The second stage gave priority to voting. –The third stage focused on equality in the 1960s and beyond. The women’s movement is not over. –It is one of the most influential sources of social change.