Chapter Menu Lesson 1:Cells and LifeCells and Life Lesson 2:The CellThe Cell Lesson 3:Cells and EnergyCells and Energy Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

light microscope cell theory homeostasis protein nucleic acid lipid carbohydrate 1.1 Cells and Life

Early Ideas About Cells Most cells can only be seen with a microscope. 1.1 Cells and Life

Early Ideas About Cells (cont.) Most cells can only be seen with a microscope. 1.1 Cells and Life

Microscopes Early microscopes –A light microscope uses light and has one or more lenses that enlarges an image of something. Modern microscopes –An electron microscope can enlarge images 100,000 times or more. 1.1 Cells and Life

Cell Theory All organisms are made of cells. The cell is the smallest unit of life. All new cells come from pre-existing cells. 1.1 Cells and Life

Characteristics of Life All organisms have common characteristics such as: –organization –responses –growth and development –reproduction –maintain homeostasis –use energy 1.1 Cells and Life

Chemistry of a Cell The molecules in living things are made from: –Sulfur –Nitrogen –Potassium –Hydrogen –Oxygen –Carbon 1.1 Cells and Life

Water—The Main Ingredient 2/3 of our body mass Inside cells and surrounds cells Allows transport of substances in blood 1.1 Cells and Life

Water—The Main Ingredient (cont.) Water molecules have negative and positive ends that attract each other. 1.1 Cells and Life Under what conditions do cells gain or lose water?

Basic Substances in Cells Macromolecules: –Proteins –Nucleic acids –Lipids –Carbohydrates 1.1 Cells and Life

Proteins Folded chains or groups of folded chains of amino acids 1.1 Cells and Life

Nucleic Acids Long chains of molecules called nucleotides –DNA –RNA 1.1 Cells and Life

Lipids Lipids do not dissolve in water. The main kinds include: –fats –phospholipids –steroids –waxes 1.1 Cells and Life

Carbohydrates Made of one or more sugar molecule Store energy Make up the structural parts of cells 1.1 Cells and Life

Lesson 1 Review Where do new cells come from? Athe food we eat Bour parents Cpreexisting cells Dcarbohydrates 1.1 Cells and Life 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 1 Review Which is a characteristic of organisms? Abirth Bdeath Crespiration Dorganization 1.1 Cells and Life 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 1 Review How much of our body mass is water? A90% B75% C66% D30% 1.1 Cells and Life 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

End of Lesson 1

cell membrane cytoplasm organelle chromosome mitochondrion prokaryotic cell 1.2 The Cell cell wall cytoskeleton nucleus ribosome chloroplast eukaryotic cell

Cell Shape Cell shape and size is related to function. 1.2 The Cell

Cell Membrane Protective outer covering Selectively permeable Flexible layer of phospholipids 1.2 The Cell

Cell Wall Found in plants, fungi, and some bacteria Surrounds cell membrane Supports and protects the cell Plant cell walls made mostly of cellulose. 1.2 The Cell

Cytoskeleton Network of fibers responsible for: –Muscle contraction –Cell division –Cell movement –Maintenance of cell shape 1.2 The Cell

Plant Cell 1.2 The Cell

Plant Cell 1.2 The Cell

Animal Cell 1.2 The Cell

Animal Cell 1.2 The Cell

Cell Appendages One or more Occur in large numbers 1.2 The Cell

Cytoplasm Consists of mostly water. Structures and substances in cell are suspended in the cytoplasm. 1.2 The Cell

Cell Organelles Structures suspended in the cytoplasm Have specific functions Not found in single-celled organisms 1.2 The Cell

Nucleus Contains genetic material for making all the molecules of a cell Surrounded by a membrane Contains nucleolus 1.2 The Cell

Genetic Material in the Nucleus Long chains of DNA are coiled into chromosomes. The same kind of organisms have the same number of chromosomes in each cell. 1.2 The Cell

Ribosomes Cells manufacture proteins within the ribosome organelle. Not membrane-bound Found in all cells Made in nucleolus and move into cytoplasm May be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum 1.2 The Cell

Endoplasmic reticulum Highly-folded membrane connected to the nucleic membrane –Rough ER –Smooth ER 1.2 The Cell

Energy Processing Food energy is transformed into usable energy inside mitochondria. 1.2 The Cell

Energy Processing (cont.) Chloroplasts use light energy to make food. They are found in nearly all plants and some single-celled organisms. 1.2 The Cell

Processing, Transporting, and Sorting Golgi apparatus –makes, sorts, and ships molecules –modifies, stores, and directs molecules made in the ER 1.2 The Cell

Processing, Transporting, and Sorting (cont.) Vesicles –transport molecules through cytoplasm –transport molecules to cell membrane for release 1.2 The Cell

Processing, Transporting, and Sorting (cont.) Vacuoles can store food, water, or waste products Lysosomes store digestive enzymes in animal cells. Central vacuoles store water in plants cells. 1.2 The Cell

Cell Structure 1.2 The Cell

Cell Structure 1.2 The Cell

Cell Structure 1.2 The Cell

Cell Types Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and most organelles. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other organelles. 1.2 The Cell Cell Structures

Prokaryotic Cells Single-celled organisms known as bacteria –Can be harmful (Salmonella) –Can be beneficial (Streptomyces) –Essential to environmental processes such as decomposition 1.2 The Cell Bacteria

Eukaryotic Cells Larger than prokaryotic cells Include protists, fungi, plants, and animals May have evolved from prokaryotic cells 1.2 The Cell

Lesson 2 Review What is the function of a flagellum? Atransport nutrients Bmaintain cell shape Cstore molecules Dcell movement 1.2 The Cell 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 2 Review What do mitochondria use to make energy? Afood molecules Blight energy Cwater Dair 1.2 The Cell 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 2 Review What is another name for prokaryotes? Aeukaryotes Bchloroplasts Cbacteria Dmitochondria 1.2 The Cell 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

End of Lesson 2

cellular respiration ATP glycolysis fermentation photosynthesis 1.3Cells and Energy

Cellular Respiration Series of chemical reactions that transforms the energy in food molecules to usable energy. ATP—adenosine triphosphate—a usable molecule of energy 1.3 Cells and Energy

Reactions in the Cytoplasm Glycolysis (step 1 of cellular respiration) –Transforms glucose to smaller molecules –Requires energy and releases electrons 1.3 Cells and Energy

Reactions in Mitochondria Step 2: smaller molecules are broken down more electrons are released 1.3 Cells and Energy

Reactions in Mitochondria (cont.) Step 3 (final step): requires oxygen and uses electrons from steps 1 and 2 to produces ATP and water 1.3 Cells and Energy

Fermentation Occurs in cytoplasm only Does not use oxygen Produces fewer ATP molecules compared to cellular respiration Types of fermentation –Lactic acid fermentation –Alcohol fermentation 1.3 Cells and Energy

Processes that Release Cellular Energy 1.3 Cells and Energy

Photosynthesis Consists of a series of chemical reactions Transforms light energy to food 1.3 Cells and Energy

Light and Pigments Objects reflect some colors and absorb others. Chloroplasts in plants contain the pigment chlorophyll that reflects green light. 1.3 Cells and Energy

Reactions in Chloroplasts Photosynthesis uses light energy, water, and CO 2 to make sugars. 1.3 Cells and Energy

Importance of Photosynthesis The cells of most organisms use sugars produced by photosynthesis. It supplies Earth’s atmosphere with oxygen which is needed for cellular respiration. 1.3 Cells and Energy

Lesson 3 Review Glycolysis is part of what process? Acellular respiration Blactic acid fermentation Calcohol fermentation Dphotosynthesis 1.3 Cells and Energy 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 3 Review What makes leaves appear green? Awater Bcarbon dioxide Cglucose Dchlorophyll 1.3 Cells and Energy 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 3 Review Where does photosynthesis occur? Acytoplasm Bmitochondria Cchloroplasts Dmuscles 1.3 Cells and Energy 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

End of Lesson 3

Chapter Resources Menu Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature. Chapter Assessment California Standards Practice Concepts in Motion Image Bank Science Online Interactive Table Virtual Lab BrainPOP

Which is not a macromolecule found in cells? Awater Blipids Cproteins Dcarbohydrates Chapter Assessment 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

What is DNA? Aa protein Ba nucleic acid Ca lipid Da carbohydrate Chapter Assessment 2 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

What organelle transports substances in the cytoplasm? Aribosomes Blysosomes Cvacuoles Dvesicles Chapter Assessment 3 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

How are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells similar? Asize Bboth contain membrane-bound organelles Cboth have a cell membrane Dboth have a nucleus Chapter Assessment 4 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

What is required for fermentation? Aoxygen Bglucose Clactic acid Dcarbon dioxide Chapter Assessment 5 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

What organelle is common to both plant and animal cells? Acell wall Bchloroplasts Ccytoskeleton Dlysosomes CA Standards Practice 1 SCI 1.b 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Where is genetic information stored in plant and animal cells? Anucleus Bcell membrane Cribosomes Dchloroplasts CA Standards Practice 2 SCI 1.c 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

How do multicellular organisms grow? Atheir cells get bigger Bthey retain more water Cthe number of cells increases Dtheir organelles get bigger CA Standards Practice 3 SCI 1.f 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Which organelle releases energy for cell functions? Anucleus Bchloroplasts Cribosomes Dmitochondria CA Standards Practice 4 SCI 1.d 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

What organelle uses sunlight energy to make food? Acell wall Bchloroplasts Cmitochondria Dcentral vacuole CA Standards Practice 5 SCI 1.d 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Concepts in Motion 1

Concepts in Motion 2

Image Bank

Interactive Table

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