Wellbeing-Indicators -To be healthy -To have a big and modern house -To own vehicles -Education for children Mestizos -To have a stable job and income (good economy) -To have many hectars of land

Wellbeing-Indicators Natives Be able to work in the chacra To have a social/family network for working in minga To have a social/family network for sharing food To be healthy To have money to buy basic products

Land Use Non flooding Primay forest Old Fallowfield Young Fallowfield Aguajales Shebonales Restingas Colpas Flooding Monte bajial Barrizales Beaches Lowland Tahuampa Renacales

Water Bodies River Lake: Cocha/lago/laguna Stream: Caño/quebrada Island Pirales/lobochupales

Agricultural field (chacras) Chacra in lowlands Chacra in highlands Plantain field Maize field Cassava field Rice field Sugar cane field Citrus field Palm oil field Cacao field Grassland

Food Security - Definitions Mestizos To have food all year long To have variety of food To have healthy food To have a balanced diet To have well conserved food Quantity is important but it has to be as well of good quality.

Food security - Definitions Natives To have food all year long and every year The head of the household (usually men) brings something to eat for his family. To be able to produce their own food in the chacra Basic food such as fish cannot miss in the meals.

Local dimension of food security Difference does not depend on the ethnicity, but on the distance to the market and economic possibilities to buy food products. Therefore the difference is between roadside and riverside communities. In winter the access to the market is difficult for roadside communities due to bad conditions of the roads that connect them with the nearest market. 1. Market access

Local dimension of food security 2. Food sources diversity In general food sources are the same for all the communities Main food sources in roadside communities: chacra and market. Main food sources in riverside communities: chacra and river. Riverside communities have access to water food resources. Roadside communities have easier access to buy products from market.

Local dimension of food security 3. Food diversity In general food products from natural resources have decreased due to environmental degradation. However roadside community have replaced this diversity whit the food diversity of the market. Furthermore mainly in roadside communities chacras are not only for household consumption, but also for commercial purposes and plantation became intensive decreasing the crop variety (e.g. palm oil or cacao).

Local dimension of food security 4. Seasonality Change in diet according to the season: In summer they used to eat higher quantity of fish due to the abundance (riverside communities) or the lower price (roadside communities). Winter season affects mainly to riverside communities because: Difficulty to market access Difficult to work in the chacra during the rainseason

ELEAs Similarities between mestizos and natives: To ask for food in the grocery store to pay later Day labour inside or outside the community To reduce the size of the meals To prepare different dishes with the same products (cassava, plantain) To sell livestock

ELEAs - mestizos To eat wild foods that normally they do not consume To store food To sell meals in the community (women) To borrow money Women would learn to fish

ELEAs - natives To share food with the neighbours and family To hope that a neighbour will invite them for lunch To eat once per day or to not eat

Ecosystem Services Soil fertility (agriculture) Fish from lake and river (household consumption and sale) Timber woods(sale) Medicinal plants (health) Game and wild fruits (household consumption) Rain (agriculture) Sun (agriculture)

Negative effects Pests and diseases (attack crops) Strong winds Flooding Strong heat Frequent rain Mosquitoes

Main environmental problems Deforestation Fishes decrease Lost of soil fertility

Deforestation Main causes: Logging External logging companies Population growth Main effects: Lost of timber Chasing away of wild animals Decrease of wild fruits

Main causes: Overfishing Commercial fishers from Pucallpa Population growth Change of fishing techniques (fishing nets) Fish poisoning Main effects: Decrease on fish consumption-> diseases Decrease of income Fish decrease

Main causes: Overusing of soil (no rotation) Use of agrochemicals Desertification Main effects: Bad nutrition Decrease of income Lost of soil fertility

Muchas Gracias!