Part I: Founding of New France Chapter 4 Part I: Founding of New France

Competition with Spain Other countries wanted to copy Spain’s success King Charles I of Spain Also known as King Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire Had lands that surrounded France King Francis I of France wanted to compete with Spain’s power Privateers: pirates who worked for the government Ineffective way to start getting gold

Giovanni da Verranzano Born near Florence, Italy Much experience sailing Had been a privateer for King Francis Sent by France to find northwest passage through America to the Indies Set sail in the Dauphine in 1524 Landed in NC, NY, MA, RI, ME, then Newfoundland Returned to France and encouraged king to send colonists King too busy at war with King Charles

Jacques Cartier Privateer Sent to find the northwest passage Two ships and 61 men Found Prince Edward Island Found an inlet there Thought it might be the passage Wasn’t Went to Chaleur Bay and traded furs with natives, brought the furs back to France Found St. Lawrence River on second trip Heard there was gold Went up to present day Montreal Found no gold Sent back again to found a colony with Lord Roberval Colony failed, many fell sick and died

A New Regime Civil war in France New French King Henry IV French Protestants (Huguenots) v. Catholics St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Champlain fought in the war New French King Henry IV Also wanted to explore New World Champlain sent

Exploring the St. Lawrence Sailed the St. Lawrence River Named it the “River of Canada” Explored surrounding area, discovered Quebec Decided its location would make it good for a fortress Learned about the Indians there Wooden dwellings Hunting and farming Maize, squash, beans, tobacco

Native Americans Hurons and Algonquin often fought together 5 Nations (Tribes) of the Iroquois Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca Waged war on the surrounding tribes Became the enemies of the French

Great Lakes Champlain discovered Lake Champlain While joining a war party of Hurons and Algonquins along the Richelieu River Champlain and the French joined them for battle against the Iroquois at Ticonderoga French provided the victory Created a lasting hatred between French and Iroquois Canada = New France Champlain discovered Lake Huron and Lake Ontario on other war parties The Great Lakes

Quebec Champlain started a settlement at Quebec Fur trappers and traders Trappers forged good relationships with Indians Champlain later settled down here Settlement grew slowly Toward the end of his life, English pirates kidnapped Champlain and held him and the settlement for ransom Released after three years, died three years later

Fr. Jean de Brebeuf Jesuit priest (“Black Robe”) Lived among the Indians like Indians Travelled by canoe to Lake Huron to evangelize Had to return to France when the English seized Canada Returned with Fr. Daniel to Canada in 1633 Travelled to visit the Huron Indians Spent 16 years among them

Martyrdom Fr. Brebeuf captured by Iroquois Gauntlet Slashed, burned, clubbed “Baptized” with scalding water Killed Heart eaten They believed they could get his strong spirit by drinking his blood and eating his heart Feast day of North American Martyrs: 10/19

Fr. Isaac Jogues Jesuit Missionary (Society of Jesus) Lake Huron Iroquois even more powerful due to guns They had traded with Dutch of New Amsterdam Manhattan Island Captured by a band of Mohawks Bit/burned off his fingers Year of torture Rescued by Dutch settlers Returned to France Had to get a special dispensation to celebrate the Mass

Martyrdom Returned to Canada to continue evangelizing Decided to try to convert the Mohawks Sickness and blight had hit the Mohawks Thought it was Christ’s fault Captured by the Mohawks Tortured Killed by a tomahawk Head put on a pole Body thrown in river

Fr. Charles Garnier Iroquois had destroyed the Hurons Turned their attention to the Tobacco nation Garnier worked among the Tobacco people Was present during an Iroquois attack Wounded but continued to give absolution to others who had fallen Killed by a tomahawk right after giving absolution Killed on the Eve of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, the same thing he had dedicated his work to

Exploration and Evangelization Part II Exploration and Evangelization

Kateri Tekakwitha Mohawk convert to Catholicism Parents had died of smallpox Lived with uncle, the chief of the Turtle clan of the Mohawk Tribe Became Christian at age 11, baptized at 18 Vowed to not get married and remain chaste Mohawks didn’t understand this She fled to a Christian village along St. Lawrence River Became an example among the Native Americans of how to live perfectly as a Christian

Louis Joliet Born in Quebec Fur trader and adventurer Studied the faith with the Jesuits Fur trader and adventurer Heard stories of a great river King Louis XIV wanted to take the great river to the Pacific and then on down to Mexico to try to find silver Chose Father Jacques Marquette as companion Had lived among the Native Americans Wanted to convert those along the river

The Expedition Begins Explored Lake Michigan Natives told them they were close to great river Carried canoes over land to Mississippi Met Illinois Indians Asked Fr. Marquette to stay among them Said he had to finish the expedition Would come back Thought the Missouri River might be the northwest passage Due to its size and direction Discovered Ohio River

A Dilemma They encountered a tribe that served them roasted dog They ate it to not be rude Chief said that they would have given buffalo, but the Indians around them had guns and wouldn’t let them hunt Joliet and Marquette realized they were in Spanish territory Didn’t want to be captured Joliet returned to Quebec Fr. Marquette returned to live among the Illinois Indians along Lake Michigan Died at age of 38 of sickness

Rene de La Salle Born in France to a nobleman Also had a Jesuit education Received a land grant outside Montreal Wanted to explore and be a fur trader Governor of New France sent La Salle to convince King of France to build forts along French Rivers King gave permission Wanted La Salle to totally explore Mississippi La Salle would be given control of all lands he discovered, as well as control of the fur trade there

Governor La Salle Explored Mississippi Louisiana – named in honor of King New governor of New France was jealous of de La Salle’s power De La Salle sailed to France to talk to King, who named him governor of New France

Misfortunes Tried to sail back to Mississippi Tried again to return Attacked by Spanish in the West Indies Fell sick and had to stay behind in islands Tried again to return Missed Mississippi delta Ended up in Texas Failed overland expedition to make it back Killed by own men on final expedition to try to return Mutiny