Chapter 2 H. J. deBlij

 Arithmetic population density : Measure of total population relative to land area

 Physiologic population density : Population per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account)

On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people Population distribution Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live D

On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people Population distribution Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live A B C

A. East Asia : ¼ of world population B. South Asia : Bound by the Himalayas to the north and a desert in Pakistan C. Europe : Population concentrated in cities D. North America : Megalopolis

 Thomas Malthus  An Essay on the Principles of Population (1798)  Population growing exponentially  Food supplies growing linearly  What happened?  Expansion of food supply sources (globalization)  Increase in agricultural productivity (exponentially)

 Number of years for a population to double in size (like a bank deposit at compound interest)  Decreased doubling time (rapid growth), then increased doubling time (growth slowed down) Doubling time = 45 years Doubling time = 54 years

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 Difference between births and deaths  Does not include immigration and emigration

 Difference between births and deaths  Does not include immigration and emigration

 The average number of children per woman  TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1

 The average number of children per woman  TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1

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Significant demographic variations within countries: Higher growth rates in northeastern India, lower rates in southeastern India

 1950s: Population planning program  1960s: National population planning program  1970s: Beginning of forced sterilization program for men with 3 or more children; 22.5 million men sterilized  2004: Beginning of guns-for-sterilization program in Uttar Pradesh  Today: Use of advertising and persuasion to lower birth rates in most states

 Changes in birth, death, and natural increase rates  Decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, resulting in a low or stable growth rate

Number of births in a year per 1,000 people

Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people

The Demographic Transition

 Components of population composition – Gender distribution – Age distribution  Population pyramid : Graphic depiction of population by percentage in each age group, divided by gender

 High infant mortality  Short life expectancy  Rapid population growth

 Low infant mortality  Long life expectancy, especially for females  Little or no growth, even natural decrease

Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a year

Number of years a person born now can expect to live

 Based on 10 barometers of well-being among mothers and children  Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

 Based on 10 barometers of well-being among mothers and children  Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

 Sources of diseases  Infectious diseases : Spread from person to person  Vectored : Spread through intermediary, such as an insect  Nonvectored : Spread directly from person to person  Chronic or degenerative diseases : Diseases of old age  Genetic or inherited diseases : Passed through genes  Spread of diseases  Endemic : Present in small area  Epidemic : Spreads over large region  Pandemic : Spreads worldwide

 Chronic diseases reflecting longer life expectances  Decline in deaths from infectious diseases

HIV/AIDS Became worldwide concern in 1980s (but probably present in Africa before then) Infection long before symptoms appear Social stigma Many deaths among young adults Effect of AIDS on population structure of South Africa

AIDS Impact on Children Sparrow Rainbow Village, a hospice for child AIDS patients near Johannesburg, South Africa

 Expansive population policies  Anti-capitalist ideologies (e.g., Maoist China, Soviet Union)  Combating declining birth rates, aging populations (e.g., Europe)  Eugenic population policies (e.g., Nazi Germany)  Restrictive population policies

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