LAN 404 Beginning Hebrew II *Photo from https://www.flickr.com/photos/58558794@N07/7628799526/in/photostream/ Class III: Nouns Dr. Esa Autero

Hebrew Nouns 1.1 Introduction to nouns English noun A word that indicates a person, place, thing, idea E.g. prophet, David, Jerusalem etc. Singular or plural – plural word add “s/-es” or irregular Prophets; wishes; mice Hebrew nouns – indicates a person, place, thing, idea Singular, plural, or dual (= two eyes, two hands) Masculine or feminine *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Gender of the Hebrew nouns indicates a pattern of inflection Hebrew nouns – paradigm Hebrew nouns: Singular, plural OR dual (a pair of something) Masculine (masc.) OR feminine (fem.) – some nouns are both masc./fem. Masc. nouns are endingless Dual ending same for masc. & fem. Masculine nouns Feminine nouns Sg. סוּס Horse תּוֹרָה Law Pl. סוּסִים Horses תּוֹרוֹת Laws Dual סוּסַ֫יִם Two horses תּוֹרָתַ֫יִם Two laws Masc.sg.= endingless Common feminine endings: תּוֹרָה, –ָה בַּת, –ַת בְּרִית, –ִית מַלְכּוּת, –וּת תּוֹרוֹת, –וֹת *Hb. malkkut = kingdom/dominion

Hebrew Nouns סוּס תּוֹרָה סוּסִים תּוֹרוֹת סוּסַ֫יִם תּוֹרָתַ֫יִם Lexical form of Hebrew words Singular form  Plural forms are not found in dictionaries Masculine nouns Feminine nouns Sg. סוּס Horse תּוֹרָה Law Pl. סוּסִים Horses תּוֹרוֹת Laws Dual סוּסַ֫יִם Two horses תּוֹרָתַ֫יִם Two laws

Hb. Words always in dual form Hebrew Nouns Exceptions to the rules Endingless feminine nouns א֫בֶן, אֶ֫רֶץ, עִיר (stone) (land) (city) Abnormal pluralization & “perpetual duals” Sg. noun of one gender takes the pl. ending of the other gender אָבוֹת אָב שָׁנִים שָׁנָה שָׁמַ֫יִם, מִצְרַ֫יִם, מַ֫יִם (water) (Egypt) (heaven[s]) Endingless feminine nouns Hb. Words always in dual form

Hebrew Nouns נָשִׁים אִשָּׁה ֹת וֹת עֵדֹת עֵדוֹת עֵדָה Irregular stem change – most difficult to identify Some Hb. nouns alter consonantal stem אֲנָשִׁים אִישׁ נָשִׁים אִשָּׁה Defective spelling of וֹת – ֹת וֹת עֵדֹת עֵדוֹת עֵדָה “Congregation”  Longer spelling is called plene (= full) *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/ OR

Hebrew Nouns שִׁירִים שִׁיר אוֹתוֹת אוֹת חֲלוֹמוֹת חֲלוֹם Basic patterns of noun pluralization Most nouns have significant vowel changes w/ addition of pl. endings מֶ֫לֶךְ (king) מְלָכִים (kings) Due to shift in accent & change in syllable structure 1) Pluralization with no vowel changes שִׁירִים שִׁיר אוֹתוֹת אוֹת חֲלוֹמוֹת חֲלוֹם *Words: Engl. song, sign, dream

Hebrew Nouns דָּבָר (word)  דְּבָרִים(words) 2) Pluralization with propretonic reduction Two syllable nouns* that have Qamets or Tsere in the first* syllable, undergo “propretonic reduction”  As plural ending is added, Qamets or Tsere reduce to Shewa דָּבָר (word)  דְּבָרִים(words) לֵבָב (heart)  לְבָבוֹת (hearts) Nouns with initial guttural letter prefer Hateph Pathach עָנָן (cloud)  עֲנָנִים (clouds) חָצֵר (courtyard)  חֲצֵרוֹת (courtyards) Nouns with vowel letter in the 1st syllable do not change כּוֹכָב (star)  כּוֹכָבִים *with accent on the last syllable *or pretonic

Hebrew Nouns מֶלֶךְ (king) סֵ֫פֶר (book) בַּ֫עַל (lord) 3) Pluralization of Segholate nouns All two-syllable nouns accented on the 1st syllable are Segholate nouns (often w/ two Segholate vowels) Include masculine and feminine nouns מֶלֶךְ (king) סֵ֫פֶר (book) בַּ֫עַל (lord)  Vocal Shewa or Hateph vowel under 1st consonant & Qamets under 2nd  Always the same vowel pattern מֶ֫לֶךְ (king) מְלָכִים (kings) נֶ֫פֶשׁ (life) נְפָשׁוֹת (lives) סֵ֫פֶר (book) סְפָרִים (books) נַ֫עַר (boy) נְעָרִים (boys) *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Hebrew Nouns חִצִּים חֵץ 4) Pluralization of geminate [= gemini, twins] nouns Originally two of the same root consonants in the same word Now generally the “lost twin” only visible in plural form as Daghesh Forte עַמִּים עַם חִצִּים חֵץ לְבָבוֹת לֵבָב(heart; true geminate w/ 2 same root consonants visible) People Arrow *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Hebrew Nouns אִישׁ אֲנָשִׁים אִשָּׁה נָשִׁים עִיר עָרִים אָב אָבוֹת 5) Irregular pluralization A selection of the most common irregular plurals Singular Plural אִישׁ Man אֲנָשִׁים Men אִשָּׁה Woman נָשִׁים Women עִיר City עָרִים Cities אָב Father אָבוֹת Fathers בַּ֫יִת House בָּֽתִּים Houses בַּת Daughter בָּנוֹת Daughters *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Hebrew Nouns Practice Homework Workbook p. 15, no: 2-10 p. 17 “Advanced, Part 1” (if time) Homework Workbook p. 16, no:16-25; p. 16, “Feminine nouns” & p. 17 “Segholate nouns” Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbook Vocabulary quiz on words p. 25 (3.12) & p. 36 (4.10) next week *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Hebrew Nouns Earli VoweEa *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/