Chapter 6 Using Verbs The Principal Parts of a Verb, Verb Tense, and Progressive and Emphatic Forms

The Principal Parts… Every verb has FOUR principal parts: Present, Present Participle, Past, and Past Participle Present Present Participle Past Past Participle jump (is) jumping jumped (has) jumped

Ex. talk (present) + ed = talked (past and past participle) Regular Verbs A regular verb is a verb whose form does not change when it is used in past or present tense. Ex. talk (present) + ed = talked (past and past participle) The past and past participle of a regular verb are formed by adding –ed or –d to the present.

(Look at the chart on p. 131 for a list of irregular verbs) Unlike regular verbs, irregular verbs, like taught, are formed some other way than by adding –ed or –d. (Look at the chart on p. 131 for a list of irregular verbs)

Irregular Verbs (continued) Irregular verbs can be classified into five groups: Group One: the forms of the present, past, and past participle remains the same. Group Two: The forms of the past and the past participle are the same. Present Past Past Participle hurt (have) hurt Present Past Past Participle say said (have) said

Irregular Verbs (continued) Group Three: the vowel changes from I, to a, to u. Group Four: the past participle is formed by adding –n or –en to the PAST. Present Past Past Participle sink sank (have) sunk Present Past Past Participle steal stole (have) stolen

“Hmm. Verb tenses are very interesting.” A tense is a verb form that shows the time of an action or condition. “Hmm. Verb tenses are very interesting.”

Types of Tenses: Simple and Perfect There are SIX tenses in English: present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. He dances. [present] He danced. [past] He will dance. [future] He has danced. [present perfect] He had danced. [past perfect] He will have danced. [future perfect]

[occurs in the present] [is constant or generally true] Present Tense The present tense shows an ACTION or CONDITION that occurs in the present, regularly, and is constant or generally true. Examples: Nancy sees the rabbit hopping in the grass. [occurs in the present] She always uses binoculars when we go site-seeing. [occurs regularly] Rabbits are animals. [is constant or generally true]

Past Tense Future Tense The past tense shows an ACTION or CONDITION that occurred in the past. Example: Janie bought a CD at the store. The future tense shows an ACTION or CONDITION that will occur in the future. Janie will listen to the CD in the car. Future Tense

Present Perfect Tense The present perfect tense shows an ACTION or CONDITION that began in the past and continues into the present. To form the perfect tense, add has or have to the past participle of a verb. Examples: I have seen this movie before. [singular] They have bathed before. [plural]

John won the race in the car whose carburetor he had rebuilt. Past Perfect Tense The past perfect tense shows an ACTION in the past that came before another action or condition in the past. To form the past perfect tense, add had to the past participle of a verb. Examples: John won the race in the car whose carburetor he had rebuilt. [singular] We had bathed before. [plural]

Future Perfect Tense The future perfect tense shows an ACTION that will occur before another action or condition in the future. To form the future perfect tense, add will plus have to the past participle of a verb. Examples: By August, you will have learned how to swim. [singular] By Friday, they will have bathed many times. [plural]

REMEMBER… Perfect tense tells a listener or a reader that the act has been completed. Therefore, you can think of the word perfect as meaning completed. When they end determines which tense you use.  

Let’s Practice! I have fallen before. By November, I will have flown overseas ten times. I had flown on an airplane before. I threw it yesterday. I live in a complex society.

Let’s Practice! (continued) I had driven the Mustang before. I have done it before. By next year, I will have sold fifty houses. I will go to town tomorrow. Julie came to town yesterday.