Unit # 3 – Middle Ages Lesson # 3: Catholic Power

Objective and Bell Ringer Bell Ringer: Complete “Feudalism Begins” portion of the Flow Chart (see above if missed class). Describe the Feudal System in this box. Objective: Assess how the Christian religion became a political force by justifying claims of its power “Power of the Church” Reading and Assignment Rome FallsFeudalism BeginsChristianity Spreads The Crusades are Fought Trade Increases Cities and Towns Grow

Remember from yesterday… What was feudalism? ▫Political and social system where land was exchanged for loyalty, military service, etc. Who was at the top of the feudal pyramid? ▫Lords Who was in the middle of the feudal pyramid? ▫Knights Who was at the bottom of the feudal pyramid? ▫Serfs

RISE OF EUROPEAN NATION- STATES THE GROWTH OF MONARCHIES

England Invaded by Angles and Saxons in the 5 th century ▫The seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms remained independent and separate for several centuries

William the Conqueror and the Norman Invasion ▫In 1066 the English king dies without an heir and two men claim the throne  Harold – an Anglo-Saxon nobleman  William – Duke of Normandy and distant relative to the king  The English nobility name Harold as their new king  William feels cheated and decides to take the throne by force

▫Oct. 14 th, 1066 – William of Normandy lands with his army on the shores of England  Harold, who had just defeated an army of a Viking leader who also wanted to be king of England, marches south to fight William  William defeats King Harold at the Battle of Hastings and becomes the new king  He is now known as William the Conqueror ▫One of the first things William does as king was to claim all the land in England as his  He divided the land into fiefs and gave it to his Norman knights as a reward  These new nobles owed William their loyalty

▫William and the Normans introduced French culture into England  French becomes the language of the nobility and the court  Only lower classes and peasants speak English ▫Domesday Book – census taken on where people lived, what they owned, and how much they could afford to pay in taxes  William used this to create a central tax system Henry II ▫Enlarged the power of the monarchy and expanded royal courts ▫Body of common law replaced varying local codes  Law common to the whole kingdom

King John and the Magna Carta ▫Many nobles started to fear that the kings would abuse their powers and take away nobles’ rights ▫King John was fighting a war, in which he lost almost all of England’s French holdings, and needed money  He placed a new tax on the nobility  The nobles refused to pay and instead rebelled against their king  King John is defeated on the battlefield ▫He is forced to sign the Magna Carta – “Great Charter”  Gives rights to the nobles that the king can’t take away and places limits on the king’s power  King can no longer arrest and punish people without following legal procedures  Set forth ideas about limiting gov’t and executive power

Magna Carta Influence of the Magna Carta

Early English Monarchy-Shifts in Power Anglo-Saxon England C.E. Descendants of Angles and Saxons invaded then Vikings invaded Normans Norman Conquest by William the Conqueror Land given for fiefs and taxes collected English Parliament Henry II ignored feudal system and took control of properties, created army

Edward I ▫Another rebellion by nobles in the 1260s led to the foundation of a council that eventually developed into Parliament  it included nobles, clergy members, and representatives from every county and town  Had the power to create new taxes and advise the king on lawmaking ▫The Parliament had two houses  House of Lords  House of Commons

France In 843 the Treaty of Verdun had divided the Carolingian Empire ▫The west Frankish land formed the core of France ▫However the kings after Charlemagne did not rule much territory at all  Mostly limited to the area around Paris and Orleans ▫Most of France was in the hands of powerful nobles, including the king of England  These nobles owned more land and had more power than the king and ruled as they pleased

Philip II Augustus ▫His rule was the turning point in the growth of the French monarchy ▫He took back French territories from war ▫Increased the income and power of the French monarchy

Philip IV the Fair ▫Began the first French parliament, the Estates- General ▫Meeting of the three estates (classes)  First Estate = clergy  Second Estate = nobles  Third Estate = commoners

Holy Roman Empire This was the German area and had been the eastern part of Charlemagne’s empire ▫It was divided into numerous small states, ruled over by dukes and princes Otto I – best known Saxon king ▫Was crowned Emperor of the Romans for protecting the pope ▫The territories united under Otto became known as the Holy Roman Empire

 Called holy because it had the pope’s support  Called Roman because Charlemagne had held the title Emperor of the Roman People when he ruled that area ▫The Holy Roman Emperors made decisions and passed laws with the help of the dukes and princes  These dukes and princes maintained full authority in their own lands ▫Starting in the 1100s, Holy Roman Emperors no longer inherited their titles, but were elected  Seven Electors had the right to elect the new emperor

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Spain Spain had been conquered by Muslims in the 700s ▫Called Moors by the Christians These Christian states embarked on a series of campaigns to retake their lands from the Muslims ▫Called the Reconquista = reconquest ▫It was led by the largest of the Christian kingdoms, Castile ▫These Christian kingdoms won victory after victory over the Moors ▫In the 1100s Portugal was able to completely free itself

▫The last Muslim stronghold was defeated in 1492 with the defeat of Granada A major step in unifying Spain occurred with the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 ▫They pursued a strict policy of conformity to Catholicism ▫1492 – all professed Jews were expelled from Spain, followed by the Muslims ▫To be Spanish was to be Catholic

RUSSIA In the early 13 th century the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, invaded Russia ▫The Mongols left local princes in control, but require them to pay tribute ▫Russia was isolated from the rest of Europe due to Mongol rule Russia was eventually freed from foreign domination in 1480

ROLE OF THE CHURCH

System of Organization Christianity had become the main religion of the Roman Empire ▫Spread to other parts of Europe The Church developed a system of organization ▫Priest was the head of a local community called a parish

▫The pope was the head of the entire Roman Catholic ▫Monk – a man who separates himself from everyday life to dedicate himself entirely to God, lives in a monastery run by an abbot  Spent lots of time in prayer and physical labor, took a vow of poverty

 Monks worked to spread Christianity throughout Europe  Called missionaries = people sent out to carry a religious message ▫Women who dedicated themselves to God were called nuns and lived in convents

▫Used the interdict to exercise his powers  An interdict forbids priests to give the sacraments (Christian rites) to a particular group of people -Could also excommunicate people = to cast out of the church

Heresy and The Inquisition Heresy = denial of basic Church doctrines, or beliefs that opposed the official teachings of the Church ▫People who committed heresy were called heretics and were usually burned at the stake The Inquisition was a court created by the Catholic Church to find and try heretics ▫The Spanish Inquisition was the most brutal and was still operating in the 1800s

Decline of Church Power Over time Popes became corrupt and used their position for wealth and power The Great Schism divided Europe religiously and damaged the reputation of the Church ▫This was a time when there were two popes, both claiming power

Review - Power of the Church Remember Charlemagne? ▫Ruled from 771 – 814 ▫Two goals: Unite his kingdom and convert to Christianity ▫Built schools  Translated the bible, formalized education, advocated for literacy, standardized language ▫Standardized coins ▫Crowned emperor by the Pope

Power of the Church Evidence: CharlemagneCharlemagne What was Charlemagne’s role in Europe? What did the Pope do to Charlemagne? Who is more powerful: Charlemagne or the Pope?

Power of the Church Read “Power of the Church” After reading, write as many questions and answers as you can about the reading. Questions should be: ▫Yes/No ▫True/False ▫Provable answers

Stump the Student Rules They are simple! Each person will have 2:00 to ask questions of the other person. ▫The person ASKING the questions tally marks his/her “Stumps” (2 points each) ▫The person ANSWERING the question tally marks his/her “Corrects” (1 point each) After 2:00, the next person will ask the questions

The Christian Religion We are going to practice outlining Read the first two paragraphs of this reading I.Identify the Main Point of each paragraph A.Identify two sub points of each paragraph Follow this format for the entire reading

True or False Determine whether each statement is true or false. Provide evidence from the textbook to support your conclusion. 1. The Roman Empire did not help the Church become widespread across Europe. 2. The Catholic Church was very powerful. 3. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Catholic Church hurt the stability of the region. 4. Excommunication and Interdicts were ineffective at curbing bad behavior from the people. 5. Pax Dei and Treuga Dei existed to create peace.

Exit Ticket Answer the following question on the sheet provided: Why was the Catholic Church able to provide stability during the Middle Ages?