Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis – In the cytosol Start with Glucose Uses 2 ATP’s Makes 4 ATP’s Makes 2 NADH’s Left with 2 pyruvates

Glycolysis - in the cytosol NOTICE THE SPLITTING HERE! EVERYTHING FOLLOWNG MUST BE MULTIPLIED BY 2!

Pyruvate to the mitochondria

Kreb’s Cycle – in the mitochondrial matrix

Electron Tranport Chain (detailed) Electron Transport Chain – virtual animation ATP synthase in mitochondria – virtual animation

Where do the electrons come from?

Chemiosmosis

ATP synthase uses the hydrogen gradient for chemiosmosis

Reactions in Respiration Inputs Outputs Glycolysis (cytoplasm) Glucose 2ATP 4ADP 2NAD+ Krebs Cycle (mitochondria) Pyruvate NAD+ CoA FAD ADP Glycolysis (Cytoplasm) 2ADP 4ATP 2NADH 2 pyruvate Krebs Cycle (mitochondria) NADH CO2 FADH2 ATP

Reactions in Respiration (cont.) Inputs Outputs Electron Transport Chain in mitochondria membrane NADH FADH2 O2 Electron Transport Chain in mitochondria membrane NAD+ FAD ATP H2O

Cellular Respiration Summary C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP 3 Basic Steps: Glycolysis (in the cytoplasm) Kreb’s Cycle (inner mitochondrial space) Electron Transport Chain (mitochondrial membrane) glucose pyruvate + ATP + NADH pyruvate NADH + FADH2 + ATP + CO2 NADH + FADH2 + O2 ATP + H20

Photosynthesis Respiration Inputs Outputs C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP Light + CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 Inputs Outputs C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP Respiration

Reactions in Photosynthesis (Chloroplast) Inputs Outputs Light Dependent Reactions in the Thylakoid Light H2O NADP+ ADP Calvin Cycle in the Stroma ATP CO2 NADPH Light Dependent Reactions in the Thylakoid O2 NADPH ATP Calvin Cycle in the Stroma ADP NADP+ Glucose (C6H12O6)

Light Reaction … light energy shakes chlorophyl … releases electons

In the Thylakoid

Chemiosmosis

In the Stroma The ATP and NADPH was made during the light reactions (thylakoid) CO2 enters the cycle at top Glucose / Organic compounds are the output

Review – Big Picture

Sunlight to ATP Big Picture Review

CO2 H2O NADPH Thylakoid Stroma ATP Glucose O2 chloroplast Glycolysis (cytoplasm) ATP NADH pyruvate ATP mitochondria NADH Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport CO2 FADH2 ATP H2O

Photosynthesis and Respiration work together! Matter is cycled within these two processes Energy flows through these two processes Sunlight provides the energy that eventually becomes ATP in you

Compare the 2 procceses Similarities Differences

What’s ATP?

What’s ATP used for? ATP is the spending money of the cell It allows for other molecules to be phosphorylated Phosphorylation allows for transport work, mechanical work, and chemical work

Redox Reactions Carbon is oxidized by Oxygen (oxidizing agent) Oxygen is reduced by Carbon (reducing agent)

Why does the food we eat not immediately combust in our bodies? Many, many, many, many steps taken to release the energy! Glycolysis Kreb’s cycle ETC This insures we don’t blow up from our food being oxidized too quickly!

No oxygen = anaerobic pathway Yeast/bacteria Produce ethanol when deprived of oxygen … still has some energy Humans Produce lactic acid when deprived of oxygen Recycled in liver to produce pyruvate

Anaerobic Respiration Without Oxygen No electron transport chain … less ATP 2 types: Alcoholic fermentation: (bacteria, yeast) Pyruvate + NADH Ethanol + NAD+ + CO2 Lactic Acid fermentation: (animals like you) Pyruvate + NADH Lactic Acid + NAD+ What’s different about these two equations? How can you set up an experiment to detect the difference?

Catabolic Pathways Note: it’s not just carbohydrates (glucose) that gets converted into ATP What happens to proteins? What happens to fats?

Control of Respiration … feedback systems Lots of AMP (low energy molecule) Stimulates enzyme to produce ATP Lots of ATP or Citrate Shuts down enzyme to prevent overproduction

Allosteric Enzymes

Feedback Mechanisms Control Respiration