DISCOURSE LINKERS UNIT 1A

DISCOURSE LINKERS REASON RESULT PURPOSE CONTRAST

REASON CLAUSE: Because, since, as, seeing that Less common: inasmuch as, for, in that NOUN PHRASES: Due to, because of, owing to. With.

REASON: SAMPLE SENTENCES Because, Since, As, Seeing that… They introduce a clause: at the beginning or after the main clause Ex: Because she was extremely upset, I had to take the video down off the internet Seeing that: less formal Ex: Ken just had to apologise, seeing that/as he knew he´d made a mistake

REASON For, inasmuch as, in that…..Literary or formal English The film is unusual in that it features only four actors Clara and I have quite an easy life, inasmuch as neither of us has to work too hard but we earn quite a lot of money We must begin planning now, for the future may bring unexpected changes

Reason With Because of , due to, owing to Ex: With so many people ill, I´ve decided to cancel the meeting Because of , due to, owing to We have less money due to / owing to/because of budget cuts The company success is due to the new director

RESULT So, as a result, consequently, therefore So: after a comma. As a result, Consequently, Therefore…..at the beginning of a sentence Ex: The flight was cancelled. Therefore, we stayed in Sri Lanka Consequently, Therefore…..before a verb Ex: We`ve therefore decided to cancel the flight

PURPOSE To, in order to, so as to…..+ infinitive Ex: Trees are being planted by the roadside so as to /to /in order to reduce traffic noise Ex: He kept the speech vague in order not to commit himself to one side or the other

PURPOSE So that, In order that Look at the examples: Ex: Regular checks are made in order that safety standards are/can be/will be maintained Ex: I hid the presents so that Jackie wouldn´t find them/couldn´t find them

CONTRAST But: less formal Yet: after a comma Ex. She knew she would make it, yet she was stressed Nevertheless, However: At the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma. Ex: It was extremely dangerous. Nevertheless, she decided to take the risk

CONTRAST Although, Even though, Though….at the beginning , in the middle Although/Though Reid failed to score himself, he helped Jones to score two goals. Even though vs Even if Ex: Even though Tom doesn´t speak Spanish, I think he should still visit Madrid Ex: Even if Tom doesn´t speak Spanish, I think he should still visit Madrid

CONTRAST Despite /In spite of..Noun Phrase, Gerund, clause Ex: Despite the weather, they decided to go clubbing Ex: Despite the weather being awful,…. Ex: Despite the fact the weather was awful….