Chapter 16 APUSH Mrs. Price “The difference between a successful person and others is not a lack of strength, not a lack of knowledge, but rather a lack of will.” - Vince Lombardi

Essential Questions 1.What national issues emerged in the process of closing the western frontier? 2.Why does the West hold such an important place in the American imagination? 3.In what ways is the West romanticized in American culture?

The Myth of the West

Western Migration Numbers increased after Civil War Numbers increased after Civil War Over 2 million immigrants between Over 2 million immigrants between Who? Who? * White Easterners * Black Southerners (Exodusters) * Immigrants

Reasons for Coming Gold & silver deposits Gold & silver deposits Farming Farming Ranching Ranching Railroads encouraged settlement Railroads encouraged settlement

Laws that Promoted Westward Migration Homestead Act of 1862: 160 acres for a small fee if settlers stayed 5 years & improved land Homestead Act of 1862: 160 acres for a small fee if settlers stayed 5 years & improved land Timber Culture Act (1873): settlers could receive 160 acres if they planted 40 acres of trees Timber Culture Act (1873): settlers could receive 160 acres if they planted 40 acres of trees Desert Land Act (1877): settlers could buy 640 acres for a small fee if they irrigated a portion of it within 3 years Desert Land Act (1877): settlers could buy 640 acres for a small fee if they irrigated a portion of it within 3 years

Frederick Jackson Turner Cultural importance of frontier Cultural importance of frontier “The Significance of the Frontier in American Society” (1893) “The Significance of the Frontier in American Society” (1893)

Railroad Construction

“The Big Four” Railroad Magnates Charles Crocker Mark Hopkins Leland Stanford Collis Huntington

Promontory Point, UT (May 10, 1869)

Who lived in the West? Cowboys Cowboys Gunslingers Gunslingers Miners Miners Cattlemen & Sheep herders Cattlemen & Sheep herders Farmers Farmers Minority Groups Minority Groups Plains Indians Plains Indians

The Bronc Buster Frederick Remington

Legendary Gunslingers & Train Robbers Jesse James Billy the Kid

Miners s s News of gold or silver strikes led to new towns (boom towns) News of gold or silver strikes led to new towns (boom towns) After the mines went bust – ghost towns After the mines went bust – ghost towns

Mining Centers: 1900

Cattle Kingdom Tied to railroads Tied to railroads Cattle drives allowed cattle from TX to get to railroad & then Eastern cities Cattle drives allowed cattle from TX to get to railroad & then Eastern cities * 2000 – 5000 head * cowboys (Confederate vets, African Americans) Cowtowns: Dodge City, KS; Wichita, KS; Cheyenne, WY; Laramie, WY; Abilene, KS Cowtowns: Dodge City, KS; Wichita, KS; Cheyenne, WY; Laramie, WY; Abilene, KS

TheCattleTrailsTheCattleTrails

Land Use: 1880s

The Range Wars Sheep Herders Cattle Ranchers

End of the Open Range Open-range cattle industry declined Open-range cattle industry declined Competition from sheep herders & farmers Competition from sheep herders & farmers Overgrazing Overgrazing Harsh weather ( ) Harsh weather ( ) Shift to cattle ranches with Shift to cattle ranches with fenced-in grazing land fenced-in grazing land

A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD

Women & the West Had more opportunities Had more opportunities Won the right to vote in west first Won the right to vote in west first

Minority Groups in the West African Americans African Americans Hispanics Hispanics Chinese Chinese

Black “Exoduster” Homesteaders

Blacks Moving West

The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great Plains

Hispanics Once whites moved in, lost their authority and wealth Once whites moved in, lost their authority and wealth Moved into the working class Moved into the working class

Chinese Came as free laborers Came as free laborers By 1880: 200,000+ in US (mostly in CA) By 1880: 200,000+ in US (mostly in CA) At first viewed favorably; later as economic rivals At first viewed favorably; later as economic rivals Important to construction of railroads Important to construction of railroads

Anti-Chinese Sentiment 1860 – 1870s: anti-coolie clubs 1860 – 1870s: anti-coolie clubs 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act

African American & Chinese Populations:

Plains Indians 200,000 after Civil War 200,000 after Civil War Diverse group of tribes & language groups Diverse group of tribes & language groups Tribes were divided into bands of about 500; controlled by governing council Tribes were divided into bands of about 500; controlled by governing council Tasks divided by gender Tasks divided by gender Nature was significant Nature was significant Weaknesses: unable to unite against whites; vulnerable to disease Weaknesses: unable to unite against whites; vulnerable to disease

Importance of Buffalo Provided economic basis for the Plains’ Indians way of life Provided economic basis for the Plains’ Indians way of life Used all of it: meat, skin, manure, bones, tendons Used all of it: meat, skin, manure, bones, tendons

Indian Tribes & US Govt Traditionally: Traditionally: * tribes were independent nations * president could negotiate with tribes * treaties were ratified by Senate *** Many broken treaties!

Federal Govt Indian Policy Concentration Policy (1850s) Concentration Policy (1850s) 1. Each tribe assigned its own reservation 2. Easier for govt to control 3. Whites get best land

Indian Peace Commission (1867) Created by Congress (soldiers & civilians) Created by Congress (soldiers & civilians) To create a permanent Indian policy To create a permanent Indian policy Move all Plains Indians to 2 reservations (1 in OK & 1 in Dakotas) Move all Plains Indians to 2 reservations (1 in OK & 1 in Dakotas) Govt agents bribed & tricked Indian reps into signing treaties Govt agents bribed & tricked Indian reps into signing treaties Poorly administered reservations - corrupt Poorly administered reservations - corrupt Destruction of buffalo herds Destruction of buffalo herds

Indian Wars Constant fighting from 1850s to 1880s Constant fighting from 1850s to 1880s Indian warriors (30-40) attacked wagon trails, stagecoaches, & ranches Indian warriors (30-40) attacked wagon trails, stagecoaches, & ranches

Sand Creek Massacre Eastern CO Eastern CO Forces led by Colonel J.M. Chivington massacred 133 people (mostly women & children) Forces led by Colonel J.M. Chivington massacred 133 people (mostly women & children) Indians believed they were under army protection Indians believed they were under army protection

Gold is Found in the Black Hills (1874) Conflict began over US army trying to build a road (Bozeman Trail) to connect Fort Laramie to new mining centers Conflict began over US army trying to build a road (Bozeman Trail) to connect Fort Laramie to new mining centers The trail ran through Sioux hunting grounds & violated a earlier treaty The trail ran through Sioux hunting grounds & violated a earlier treaty Sioux tried to end the trail & white settlement by appealing to govt – efforts failed Sioux tried to end the trail & white settlement by appealing to govt – efforts failed

Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) 1875: Sioux led by Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull left reservation 1875: Sioux led by Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull left reservation Battle took place in southern MT Battle took place in southern MT Sioux surprised George A. Custer’s troops & killed all 264 Sioux surprised George A. Custer’s troops & killed all 264

The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 Chief Sitting Bull Gen. George Armstrong Custer

Nez Perce – Chief Joseph

Apache Resistance - Geronimo

Ghost Dance Part of a spiritual revival movement Part of a spiritual revival movement Scared US military Scared US military

Wounded Knee Dec 29, 1890 Dec 29, th Calvary tried to round up 350 Sioux in S. Dakota 7 th Calvary tried to round up 350 Sioux in S. Dakota Fighting broke out Fighting broke out 40 whites died; 200 Indians died 40 whites died; 200 Indians died

Dawes Act (1887) Transferred land ownership to individuals; not tribes Transferred land ownership to individuals; not tribes 160 acres to each family 160 acres to each family Adults were given US citizenship but could not gain full title to property for 25 years Adults were given US citizenship but could not gain full title to property for 25 years To promote assimilation To promote assimilation Applied to western tribes Applied to western tribes Between : Indians lost over half their reservation land to whites Between : Indians lost over half their reservation land to whites

Bureau of Indian Affairs Sent children to boarding schools Sent children to boarding schools Encouraged spread of Christianity Encouraged spread of Christianity Often corrupt & incompetent Often corrupt & incompetent Carlisle Indian School Carlisle Indian School

Helen Hunt Jackson Author of A Century of Dishonor (1881) Author of A Century of Dishonor (1881) Exposed the govt’s history of broken promises to Indians Exposed the govt’s history of broken promises to Indians

Indian Reservations Today

Crazy Horse Monument: Black Hills, SD Lakota Chief