Chapter 22.3 Rise of Modern Japan

411 Key ideas: Essential Question: Isolationism and Japan Treaty of Kanagawa Meiji Restoration Change in Japan Essential Question: How did Imperialism impact Japanese isolationism?

An End to Isolation 1800 – Japanese Tokugawa (military power) shogunates have ruled in Japan for 200 years. Kept out foreign trade and missionaries Isolated the country from contact with outside world Formal relations only with Korea Informal trading was with Dutch and Chinese merchants at Nagasaki.

Foreign powers approach japan 1853: Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. American fleet of four warships arrive in Edo Bay Sought “to bring a singular and isolated people into the family of civilized nations.” Brings letter from President Millard Fillmore Asks for better treatment of sailors shipwrecked in Japanese waters Requests the opening of foreign relations between the U.S. and Japan

Commandar Perry at Edo Bay

Perry returns for answer Six months later Perry returns with a larger fleet for his answer Some Japanese said contact would hurt Japan Others wanted concessions (political compromises) Under military pressure, Japan agrees to the Treaty of Kanagawa

Treaty of Kanagawa Provides for the return of shipwrecked American sailors Opening up of two ports to Western traders Establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan 1858 – U.S. Consul Townsend Harris signs a more detailed treaty Opens up more ports to U.S. trade Exchange of ministers

Resistance to the new order Resistance of new relations with foreign countries was very strong among the samurai warriors Japanese fire on Western ships in the Strait of Shimonoseki Westerners fire back and destroy the Choshu fortifications Samurai sees need to strengthen their military

Shogunate system collapses The Sat-Cho leaders demand the Shogun resign and restore power of the emperor The Sat-Cho armies attack the Shogun’s palace in Kyoto in January of 1868 A few weeks later, the shogun’s forces collapsed, ending the shogunate system.

The Meiji (MAY-jee) Restoration Policy of reform begins as Japanese leaders realize they must change to survive Emperor Mutsuhito calls new reign the Meiji “Enlightened Rule” Capital moved to Edo (present day Tokyo)

Japanese politics transform The Meiji leaders set out to create a modern political system based on the Western model and to abolish the old order. In theory the emperor had all executive authority. Real executive authority rested in the hands of a prime minister and his cabinet of ministers.

Meiji Economics Meiji leaders also set up a new system of land ownership. A land reform program made the traditional lands of the daimyo into the private property of the peasants. Daimyos, in exchange would get government bonds. A burdensome tax was set on the landowners – 3% value of the land was the tax

Meiji economics, cont The government gave - subsidies to needy industries provided training and foreign advisers Improved transportation and communications Started a new educational system that stressed applied science By 1900, Japan’s industrial sector was growing

Social structure Meiji’s model was “strengthen the army” so they worked to improve the military 1871 – all Japanese men served for three years The American model of education was adapted – elementary schools, secondary schools and universities Emphasis still placed on loyalty to the family, community and emperor

Western ideas incorporated Women could receive an education Economy shifts from agricultural to industrial base New social relationships are established Western fashions become the rage in elite circles Ballroom dancing and baseball

Downfalls of change Commoners ere exploited in coal mines and textile mills Some worked 20 hours/day Conditions horrible Worked in harsh temperatures If workers tried to escape, they were shot

Meiji Restoration: Birth of Modern Japan See page 700 Meiji Restoration: Birth of Modern Japan Politics Imperial rule reestablished Capital moved to Edo Most power in executive branch (emperor, prime minister, cabinet) Economics Daimyo’s lands given to peasants Many farmers, unable to pay new land tax, forced into tenancy Industrialization encouraged Social Structure New imperial army created Universal system of education developed Western practices adopted

Joining the imperialist nations 1874– Japan starts to expand Ryukyu Islands 1876 – forces Korea to open ports 1894 – China and Japan go to war over Korea Japan’s ships destroy the Chinese fleet and seize the Manchurian city of Port Arthur Treaty - Manchu rules of China recognize independence of Korea Japan get Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula

Strained relations with Russia over Korea leads to war with Russia 1904 – Japan launches a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur 1905 - Russians agree to peace Japan get Liaodong Peninsula again Japan gets island north of Japan - Sakhalin

U.S. Relations with japan Japan established a sphere of influence in Korea (see map page 702) 1905 – U.S. recognizes Japan in Korea, in turn, Japan recognizes the U.S. in the Philippines 1910 – Japan annexes Korea Suspicions grow between two countries President Roosevelt makes a “gentleman’s agreement” with Japan that stops Japanese immigration to the U.S.

Japanese culture Western literature penetrates Japan Novels take on French style of realism Japanese copied Western artistic techniques and styles Some incorporated Western styles with traditional Japanese art Japanese styles become fashionable in Europe