Skeletal organization Axial Skeleton Skull Hyoid bone Vertebral column Thorax Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Lower limbs

Axial Skeleton Longitudinal axis of body 80 bones Strong restricted movement

Functions of Axial Skeleton Support and protect organs Attach to muscles that support head, neck, and trunk Attach to breathing muscles Attach to muscles of appendicular skeleton

Bones associated with skull 8 cranial bones 14 facial bones Bones associated with skull 6 auditory Hyoid bone Vertebral Column 24 vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx (tail bone) Thoracic Cage 24 ribs Sternum

The skull

The skull 22 bones of the skull Infantile Skull 8 cranial bones Encloses and protects the brain Provide attachment for muscles Air-filled sinuses to reduce weight 14 facial bones 7 Associated Bones Infantile Skull Incompletely developed Fontanels: soft spots that aid for birth

The Skull Bones: CRANIUM 8 Cranial bones Occipital Foramen magnum Parietal 2- Right and Left Frontal Temporal 2-Right and left Mastoid Process Sphenoid Ethmoid

The Skull Bones: SUTURES OF THE CRANIUM 8 Cranial bones Coronal Suture Mid-Sagittal Suture Lambdoidal Suture Squamous Suture

The Skull Bones: FACIAL 14 Facial bones 2 each for the following (Rt/Lt): Maxilla Palatine Nasal Inferior Nasal Concha Zygomatic Lacrimal 1 of the following: Mandible Vomer

The Skull Bones: ASSOCIATED BONES 6 Auditory ossicles Found within temporal bone External Auditory Canal Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) 1 Hyoid bone

The vertebral column

The vertebral column Stretches from skull to pelvis Composed of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs Cervical (C1-C7) Smallest of all Comprise the neck Atlas Axis Thoracic (T1-T12) Articulate with the ribs Lumbar (L1-L5) Largest of all Support the weight of the body Sacrum (5 fused) Coccyx

5 regions of Vertebral Column

Vertebrae Components Scoliosis Kyphotic Lordosis

General Vertebral Anatomy

Different vertebrae

Sacrum and Coccyx

Thoracic cage

Thoracic cage 12 total ribs Ribs 7 true rubs 5 false ribs Directly articulate with the sternum 5 false ribs Do not articulate with the sternum 2 are floating

Function of Thoracic Cavity Protection of heart, lungs, and others Attachment of muscles for respiration, vertebral column, pectoral girdle, and upper limbs

Thoracic cage Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Anterior midline of thoracic cage 3 parts Manubrium Body Xiphoid process

Sternum Manubrium Articulates with collar Bone and first rib Attaches to ribs 2-7 Attaches to diaphragm and an abdominal muscle

Angle Tubercle Neck Head (Vertebral end) Tubercular Body Sternal End (attaches to Costal Cartilage)