Direct-Current Nanogenerator Driven by Ultrasonic Waves

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Presentation transcript:

Direct-Current Nanogenerator Driven by Ultrasonic Waves Bryan Schubert EE C235 April 9, 2008 X. Wang, J. Song and Z. L. Wang, Science 316, 102 (2007).

Application Energy scavenging Remote powering of implanted devices Force/pressure sensors X. Wang, J. Song and Z. L. Wang, Science 316, 102 (2007).

Principle of operation Piezoelectric effect: d is piezoelectric coefficient Z. L. Wang and J. Song, Science 312, 242 (2006).

Principle of operation Pt-ZnO Schottky barrier AFM scan of nanowire array Z. L. Wang and J. Song, Science 312, 242 (2006).

Principle of operation Nanowire contact scenarios: I. & II. Nanowire is bent until compressed side contacts electrode. III. Resonating nanowire. IV. Compressed nanowire. X. Wang, J. Song and Z. L. Wang, Science 316, 102 (2007).

Fabrication ZnO Nanowires Pt-coated Si zigzag electrode Total device Grown on Al2O3, using Au particles as catalyst for Vapor-Liquid-Solid process. 10/μm2 density 1 μm long 40 nm diameter Pt-coated Si zigzag electrode Wet-etching* 1 μm peak-to-peak 200 nm Pt layer Total device 2 x 106 μm2 area X. Wang, J. Song and Z. L. Wang, Science 316, 102 (2007). *J. Frühauf and S. Krönert, Microsyst. Technol. 11, 1287 (2005).

Performance Equivalent circuit Vs, nanowire source Ri, active NW contact resistance w/ electrode Rw, inactive NW resistance – 30 kΩ Rc, measurement device contact resistance w/ electrode – 30 Ω IA ≈ Vs/(Rc+Ri) V ≈ -VsRw/(Ri+Rw) Output for 41 kHz wave 0.15 nA increase in IA V = -0.7 mV output R = 3.56 kΩ Estimated 250 to 1000 NW engaged X. Wang, J. Song and Z. L. Wang, Science 316, 102 (2007).

Performance Alternative designs CNTs are not piezoelectric Flat electrode does not allow contact of compressed edge. X. Wang, J. Song and Z. L. Wang, Science 316, 102 (2007).

Performance Durability Power Efficiency* Can produce dc output for over 1 hour Power 1 to 4 fW per fiber 1 pW total output 0.00125 to 0.005% of fibers contribute Efficiency* Mechanical-to-electrical, 17 to 30% X. Wang, J. Song and Z. L. Wang, Science 316, 102 (2007). * Z. L. Wang and J. Song, Science 312, 242 (2006)

Improvements Control nanowire dimensions to optimize power per nanowire (1 fW to 10 fW per fiber). Control spacing and patterning to optimize nanowire co-operation (10 μW/cm2 => 0.2 μW for this device).