Organic Chemistry Unit

What is Organic Chemistry? The study of carbon- containing compounds made up of non-metal elements (covalent bonds)

Organic Compound? Yes or No Na 2 CO 3 No Yes! C 2 H 6 C 4 H 6 Br 2 F 2

Why Carbon?? Found in all living matter Found in body tissue Found in food Found in fuels (coal, wood, petroleum) Found in Nature ( ranked 17 th in crust)

Forms of Carbon Term = Allotrope Same element Different bonding pattern Different arrangement Diamond Graphite Fullerene Carbon exists in 3 solid forms

Diamond Tetrahedrally oriented Hardest material known Most dense form of Carbon High melting point Conducts heat Does not conduct electricity

Graphite Layers of hexagonal plates Soft Feels greasy Crumbles easily High melting point Conducts electricity

Fullerene Discovered in mid 1980s Found in soot Spherical cages of carbon Most stable is C 60 Resembles geodesic dome C 60 = Buckminsterfullerene or Buckyball

Diversity of Organic Chemistry Due to uniqueness of Carbon Can bond to itself covalently Forms chains and rings Term = Catenation

Carbon bonds to elements Carbon readily bonds to : –H–H –O–O –N–N –S–S – Halogens Cl, Br, F,I Hydrocarbons – Simplest organic compounds – Only contain Carbon and Hydrogen (C x H y )

Formulas Indicates # of atoms Types of atoms Molecular Formula Written representations of a compound using letters (and sometimes numbers) Example: C 8 H 18

Structural Formula Indicates # of atoms Type of atoms Bonding Arrangement

Structural formulas show all bonds in compound Condensed structural formulas only show bonds between carbon atoms CH 3  CH  CH 3  CH 3

Arrangement of Atoms Compounds that have: – Same molecular formula – Different structure or arrangement – Called ISOMERS As # of carbon atoms goes up # of isomers goes up – C8  18 isomers – C9  35 isomers – C10  75 isomers – C40  69,491,178,805,831

Example of Isomers Structural Isomers : same formula but atoms are bonded in a different order C 4 H 10

Geometric Isomers Order of atoms is the same but the arrangement in space is different Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple bond). Don’t see this with single bonds!

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Aromatics Alcohols Ethers Esters Aldehydes Ketones Amines We are going to study: