Atmospheric observatories at Pallas-Sodankylä and Tiksi as examples of the IASOA project Yrjö Viisanen, Jussi Paatero, Tuomas Laurila, Taneil Uttal*, Heikki Lihavainen, and Esko Kyrö Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland yrjo.viisanen@fmi.fi * NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, United States Taneil.Uttal@noaa.gov

Projections of Future Changes in Climate Projected warming in 21st century expected to be greatest over land and at most high northern latitudes and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean Source: IPCC 2007, www.ipcc.ch

Changes in sea ice cover – Change in planetary albedo Melting Greenland ice sheet – Rises in sea level Melting permafrost – Release of sequestered greenhouse gases

International Arctic Systems for Observing the Atmosphere (IASOA) In early 2005 860 EOIs were submitted to the IPY committee. The IASOA EOI, proposed by NOAA, was chosen to lead the coordination of 19 related Atmospheric EOIs into an IPY Activity. The IASOA Activity received IPY endorsement and is Activity 196. About 6 additional EOIs have ‘joined’ this activity since. http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=196

Elements of IASOA Develop intensive Arctic atmospheric/interdisciplinary observatories with International partnerships Enhance atmospheric networks (e.g. BSRN, GAW, CRN, Aeronet, UVnet, MPLNet) Coordinate ongoing monitoring activities with field campaigns Integrate with AON, GEWEX, SEARCH, WCRP IASOA Partner Countries: Canada, Finland, Norway, Russia, Denmark, China, Germany, Japan, Sweden, United States, Italy Partner Countries

Circumpolar Atmospheric Observatories

Rational for Intensive Atmospheric Observatories To understand the Arctic atmosphere it is necessary to have detailed measurements of clouds, aerosols, radiation and surface fluxes. Clouds in the Arctic have been shown in a number of studies to have a major influence on surface radiation budgets and resulting surface temperatures, ice ablation/melt rates, and the onset of the annual snow melt season. Aerosols contribute to balances in the Arctic atmosphere by direct forcing and also by indirect cloud-aerosol effects. The emphasis is on taking measurements that contribute to understanding WHY climate is changing and not just HOW climate is changing. There is a special emphasis on untangling natural and anthropogenic influences, through process studies, satellite validation and model support.

Pallas-Sodankylä GAW Station: - 150 km north of the Arctic Circle - GAW global station since 1994

Arctic Research Centre of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI-ARC) at Sodankylä

The first meteorological observations at Sodankylä were made during the First International Polar Year in 1882-1883. Regular aerological observations at the FMI-ARC have been conducted already over 60 years constituting one of the longest upper atmosphere meteorological observation series north of the Arctic circle. Monitoring station at Sodankylä during the First International Polar Year in 1882-1883

Measurements at Sodankylä include Upper-air weather, ozone, aerosol and radioactivity soundings spectral UV radiation airborne radioactivity climatological and other meteorological parameters total ozone column deposition of acidifying compounds, e.g. sulphate aerosol optical depth Carbon dioxide flux between a pine forest and the atmosphere The FMI's northernmost weather radar is situated on the top of Luosto fell 25 km south of the FMI-ARC. The range of the radar covers most of the northern Finland.

Total ozone in March at Sodankylä 30 % decrease 1971-1995 1995- levelling out Montreal protocol or temporary stratospheric phenomenom? 60-luvun alku: USA ja NL ydinkokeet 60-luvun loppu: Ranskan kokeet Saharassa ja Kiinan Lop Norissa joulukuu 66: vuoto maanalaisesta ydinkokeesta Semipalatinskista Aaltoliike 60- ja 70-luvuilla: maksimit keväällä, kun stratosfääristä tulee fissiotuotteita alas 70-luku: Kiinan kokeet, viimeinen koe lokakuussa 80, tavaraa stratosfääristä alas keväällä 81 Tshernobyl 86: Lapissa suhteellisen pienet pitoisuudet Etelä-Suomeen verrattuna 1982 lähtien Tshernobyl poislukien lähes yksinomaan luonnollista aktiivisuutta (etenkin lyijy-210, jota syntyy ilmakehässä sinne maaperästä tihkuneesta radonista);aaltoliike: maksimit talvella, kun alhainen sekoittumiskorkeus ja pitkä aerosolien viipymäaika ilmakehässä 60-luvun alusta pitoisuudet pudonneet yhteen tuhannesosaan Data: BUV, TOMS, GOME and Brewer

Pallas site Main station: Sammaltunturi (560 m asl, 67o58’N, 24o07’E) - in the northern border of the boreal forest zone - on the top of a hill some 100 m above the tree line

The measurements at Sammaltunturi include reactive gases (ozone, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) greenhouse gas concentrations (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and sulphur hexafluoride) aerosol particle number concentration and size distribution PM10 particle mass concentration aerosol scattering coefficient black carbon volatile organic compounds (ethane, propane etc.) stable isotopes radon-222 meteorological parameters

CO2 concentration in the air at Sammaltunturi, Pallas

Kenttärova spruce forest station 18 m high tower Measurement of CO2, heat and water vapour flux between the atmosphere and the spruce forest micrometeorological eddy covariance and accumulation chamber methods

Daily CO2 balances at the spruce forest site in 2003

Lompolojänkkä sedge fen station CH4 and CO2 fluxes CH4 concentrations

Methane flux measurement at Lompolojänkkä

Matorova The measurements include airborne and deposited inorganic main components (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, sodium, calcium, etc.) Airborne and deposited heavy metals (lead, cadmium, etc) Airborne and deposited mercury Airborne and deposited POPs meteorological parameters

Lead and Cadmium Deposition at Matorova, Pallas 1996-2005

Laukukero automatic weather station, 755 m a.s.l. wind, temperature and humidity observations along the hill slope

Tiksi Tiksi: Joint project for atmospheric monitoring and research in Tiksi, Siberia by The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), The Russian Hydrometeorological Institute (Roshydromet) and the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) Pallas-Sodankylä

Tiksi July 2005: Old meteorological observatory 71 deg 35’ 10.4” N 128 deg 55’ 0.8” E

National Science Foundation, USA, rebuilt Tiksi observatory in 2006

Building erection

Interiors

Technical room. Water preparation system Hall Cold storage Enforced roof zone

Candidate site for a clean air facility east of Roshydromet observatory Plans for construction in 2007: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/psd3/arctic/meetings/tiksi/

Sketch of the clean air facility at Tiksi

Greenhouse gas, aerosol and air pollutant studies by the Finnish Meteorological Institute at the Tiksi clean air facility - to support IPY/IASOA, ACIA and AMAP programmes and to help Russians to start atmospheric composition monitoring: CO2 and CH4 concentrations and their trends CO2 and CH4 balances of a typical tundra landscape Aerosol physics including cloud formation Measurements of airborne mercury, lead, cadmium, and PAH compounds

Thank You for Your Attention! yrjo.viisanen@fmi.fi