Nature of contrasting changes in sea level in the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the Earth Yuri Barkin Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, Russia.

Resume. The phenomenon of contrast secular changes of sea levels in the southern and northern hemispheres, predicted on the basis of geodynamic model about the forced relative oscillations and displacements of the Earth shells, has obtained a theoretical explanation. In northern hemisphere the mean sea level of ocean increases with velocity about 2.45±0.32 mm/yr, and in a southern hemisphere the mean sea level increases with velocity about 0.67±0.30 mm/yr. Theoretical values of velocity of increase of global mean sea level of ocean has been estimated in 1.61±0.36 mm/yr. 2. The report discusses the age-old problem of secular changes in sea level, both at the global level of the whole ocean, as well as changes mean sea levels in the northern and southern hemispheres. The study is based on a new secular oceanic tide between the southern and northern hemisphere. It is caused by the gravitational attraction of the Earth's core moving (drifting) relatively to the mantle to the north. The magnitude of the tide depends on the latitude. In the formulas on the slide by a addition to the latitude.

One of the areas in our planetary session PSO3 is a study of the dynamics of planets and satellites considered as a system shell bodies. As shown in our previous studies, this model approach plays an important role for geophysical and geodynamic research in the geosciences and planet studies. It has previously been shown that the forced oscillations of the core relatively Earth's mantle have determining meaning for many planetary processes. These small oscillations and offsets with respect to the core mantle lead to a wide range of variations of natural processes, geodetic changes and geodynamic events that must be investigated these new positions. In particular, oscillations of the core relative to the mantle lead to new ocean tides in the ocean. Secular drift of the core to the north creates a secular ocean tide from the southern to the northern hemisphere. In first it was shown by Prof. Barkin in Study of the report is dedicated to this secular tide (its asymmetry, inversion, etc.). The direction of research 3.

S/N secular gravitational ocean tide - excess mass of the core due to the density contrast core and mantle, calculated on the basis of the known PREM model of the structure of the Earth is a Earth’s mass. Here, the variation of the distance between the centers of mass of the Earth's core and mantle. In the problem considered here corresponds to the secular drift of the polar center of mass of the core relative to the center of mass of the mantle at a constant velocity., are Love numbers of the order (-2) ±2.7 мм/год (Barkin, 2011). Factor in the formula (1) is determined from the conservation of the volume of water masses at the inversion tide (Barkin, 2011) 4. This secular asymmetry oceanic tide was discovered in 2005 and in details was described analytically in works Barkin (2007), Barkin, Ferrandiz, Garcia et al. (2008), Barkin (2011).

The Global Average Rise in Sea Level and the Rises of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere Average Sea Levels in the Present Epoch Yu. V. Barkin State Institute of Astronomy, pr. Universitetsky, 13, Moscow, Russia Received September 16, 2010; in final form, April 26, Fig. 1. Comparison of the theoretical latitudinal dependence of the rate of sealevel rise against observed values (open diamonds and crosses) for certain regions of the World Ocean. Fig. 2. S-N tide of oceanic and air mass caused by gravitational attraction of the core of the Earth drifting to the North (Barkin, 2005) S-N secular tide (Barkin, 2005) 5.S/N tides between hemispheres of the Earth have been discovered in 2005 yr and described in details in series works in 2007 – 2011.These class of tides are news and caused by gravitational attraction of the moving core. From them we consider in first secular tide for which is observed slowly redistribution of of water masses from Southern hemisphere to the Northern hemisphere.

Phenomena of saw-tooth, effect of inversion (specular), trends in redistribution atmospheric masses in the period of (according to Burlutskiy, 2007). Northern Hemisphere - blue curve and the southern - red curve. Changes in the average atmospheric pressure of Northern and Southern hemispheres with velocities: mb/yr и mb/yr (Burlutskiy 2007, according to the observations of the period ). Global Northern Southern mb/yr 0.17 mb/yr mb Barkin (2007). Trend changes in average pressure of fluid masses (loads) on the surface of N/S hemispheres: Pn= (g/cm²)/yr and Ps= (g/cm²)/yr. Trends and mirror exchange of atmospheric mass between northern and southern hemispheres of the Earth 6. An important and difficult factor to take into account - it is the barometric compensation effect in sea level caused by smilar atmospheric tides between the southern and northern hemispheres. According to which redistributed air masses from the southern to the northern hemisphere (under the gravitational influence of gravitating and drifting to the north the core (Barkin, 1995)) lead to a reduction of asymmetric S / N ocean tide. Thiese are determining effects of ocean levels rising in the S / N hemispheres.

Trends of mean sea levels of ocean in N - S hemispheres NH 2.0±0.2 mm/yr SH 1.1±0.2 mm/yr Woppelmann et al., Here are the comparative trends in ocean levels of both global and the northern and southern hemispheres. They point to contrasting changes in the ocean surface S / N hemisphere.

The increase in sea level, depending on the latitude Period of observations 1980 – 2005 (Evreeva et al., 2006) false Different latitudinal regions 8. We used the observations of the average level for the period specified in the figure (base data in accordance with paper of Evreeva et al,, 2006). And to determine the average rate of increase in sea level on a number of large regions (about 15). In the figure, these averages are presented schematically. These data clearly confirmed the contrasting behavior of sea level in the northern and southern hemispheres. See Fig. right at the top. It can be seen that the level of the ocean mostly growing, but at different rates. In southern latitudes, the level decreases. It totally contradicts altimetry certain rates for northern and southern latitudes. Altimetry determinations of the average rates of change of the sea level are severely flawed (Barkin, 2007). False. On these data, we will not talk.

Fig. 4. The theoretical curve rate of rise of sea level, depending on the latitude compared with the observed values for the regions of the world ocean (marked by crosses, and diamonds) (Barkin,2011). SH 1.1±0.2 mm/yr Barkin (2007) TheoryObservations Wöppelmann et al., (2014) SH 0.67±0.30 mm/yr NH 2.45±0.32 mm/yr T/P=3.4 mm/yr false Theory=1.6 mm/yr mm/yr S-N latitudinal secular oceanic tide (theoretical curve and observational data) NH 2.0±0.2 mm/yr SH 1.1±0.2 mm/yr 9. Along ordinate axis here are given values of velocities of sea level rise (for latitudinal belts) in mm/yr. Diamonds and crossespoint the observed values of mean sea level increasing on costal data in good agreement with theoretical curve. It give very positive arguments that discussed phenomena of the core oscillations are real and extremely important for geodynamics.

+0.54±0.04 mm/yroceanic inversion tideBarkin, 2007, ±0.04 mm/yratmospheric inversion tide Barkin, 2007, ±0.10 mm/yrwarming and sea expansion Miller et al., 2004; Shen et al., ±0.10 mm/yrthawing of ice sheetsRamillien et al., ±0.28 mm/yrSummar effectGiven paper Табл. 1. Main contribution factors in global mean sea level 10. Let's start with the global sea level. Its rate of growth of the order of 1.5 mm / year, which corresponds to the modern coastal observations of changes in sea level.

Табл. 2. Main contribution factors in mean sea level in the Northern hemisphere Ocean of Northern hemisphere +2.99±0.20 mm/yr – amplitude of oceanic inversion tide (Barkin, 2007) -1.89±0.13 mm/yr - amplitude of atmospheric inversion tide (Barkin, 2007) +0.47±0.10 mm/yr - thawing of ice sheets (Ramillien et al., 2008) +0.80±0.10 mm/yr - warming and sea expansion (Miller, Douglas, 2004) +0.20±0.10 mm/yr - global increasing of sea level due to inversion tide +2.57±0.53 mm/yr – increase of mean sea level in N hemisphere 11. This table shows the contributions to the rate of increase of the average sea level in the northern hemisphere.

Табл. 3. Main contribution factors in mean sea level in the Southern hemisphere Ocean of Southern hemisphere -2.17±0.16 mm/yr – amplitude of oceanic inversion tide (Barkin, 2007) 1.37±0.10 mm/yr - amplitude of atmospheric inversion tide (Barkin, 2007) +0.47±0.10 mm/yr - thawing of ice sheets (Ramillien et al., 2008) +0.80±0.10 mm/yr - warming and sea expansion (Miller, Douglas, 2004) +0.20±0.10 mm/yr - global increasing of sea level due to inversion tide +0.67±0.46 mm/yr – increase of mean sea level in S hemisphere 12. This table shows the contributions to the rate of increase of the average sea level in the southern hemisphere. They are confirmed by the data of coastal observations.

Barkin Y.V. (2007) The global increase in mean sea level and a mistaken interpretation of the role of thermal factors. "Geology of the oceans and seas: Proceedings of the XVII International Scientific conference (School) on marine geology." T.IV. M.: GEOS c In the northern hemisphere, the average level of the ocean increases at a rate Global ocean levels in the modern age is increasing at a rate of 2.45±0.32 mm/yr 0.67±0.30 mm/yr 1.61±0.36 mm/yr In the southern hemisphere, the average level of the ocean increases at a rate Sea level. Climate. Prediction and discovery of the secular oceanic S/N tide 13. This table shows the contributions to the rate of increase of the average sea level in the southern hemisphere. Confirmed by the data of coastal observations.

GPS corrected and GIA corrected velocities of Sea Level Change (regional) 14. In the paper of Woppelman et al. (2014) important attempt was made in the accounting values ​​ of the velocity of coastal tidal stations is caused by tectonic deformation (vertical components), as well as the effects of post-glacial rebound (also vertical components). As noted in earlier studies Barkin et al. (2006, 2007, 2011), these components do not play a significant role in determining the average rate of increase in sea level in the northern and southern hemispheres. They are small. The above is confirmed by the data of Woppelmann et al. (2014). See. Table 1.

Barkin Yu.V. (2007) Global increase of mean sea level and erroneous treatment of a role of thermal factors. “Geology of seas and oceans: Materials of XVII International scientific conference (scool) on mariner geology”. V. IV. M.: GEOS p In Russian. Mean rate in Northern hemisphere Rate of increasing of the global mean sea level 2.45±0.32 мм/год 0.67±0.30 мм/год 1.61±0.36 мм/год Mean rate in Southern hemisphere Sea level behavior Barkin Yu.V., J.M. Ferrandiz, Garcia D. (2008) Contrast secular variations of the mean atmospheric presure and mean sea level in northern and southern hemispheres of the Earth. Proceedings of International Symposium "Topical Problems of Nonlinear Wave Physics-2008" (NWP-2008). Session 3. p Presented on a slide average rates of increase in sea level (global and in the northern and southern hemispheres) have obtained the theoretical justification. Both were independently confirmed in recent papers (Woppelmann et al., 2014) and others.

Regional sea level trends derived from the 76 tide gauges selected in this study and corrected with GPS velocities from Santamaría-Gómez et al. [2012] and GIA -geoid predictions from Peltier [2004]. -The triangle estimates come from -recently published studies. Barkin’s S-N oceanic tide ( ) Woppelmann et al., There is schematically represented in comparison with the base rate of the secular changes in regional ocean-defined and equal to the consideration obtained in the works Barkin et al. (2011) and Woppelmann et al. (2014). They are in good agreement with each other. The assumption that post-glacial rebound and tectonic vertical displacements do not give a fundamental change in the results.

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