Eutrophication Index From Ocean Color Data: Chlorophyll Trend Derived From A New Pan- European Regional Product. Rinaldi E., Colella S., Volpe G., Pitarch Portero J., Santoleri R. Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate – CNR, Rome, Italy

Eutrophication…What is? “an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter to an ecosystem” Nixon(1995). The degenerative process is caused by the enrichment of water by nutrients from adjacent waters or from land via rivers. These input lead to increased algal productivity and of the production of a quantity of biomass greater than to that can be used by herbivorous organisms.

Eutrophication…What is? “an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter to an ecosystem” Nixon(1995). The degenerative process is caused by the enrichment of water by nutrients from adjacent waters or from land via rivers. These input lead to increased algal productivity and of the production of a quantity of biomass greater than to that can be used by herbivorous organisms. What are doing the European Community? Since the beginning of the 1990s the European Union has developed several directives aimed to control the nutrient discharge in the coastal water: 1) The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (Directive 91/271/EEC) 2) The Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) 3) Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive (96/61/EEC) 4) The Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) 5) The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC) The MSFD Sets up 11 descriptors to reach the Good Environmental Status by In particular Descriptor 5 states that: ”human-induced eutrophication is minimised, especially adverse effects thereof, such as losses in biodiversity, ecosystem degradation, harmful algal blooms and oxygen deficiency in bottom waters.”

Eutrophication…What is? “an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter to an ecosystem” Nixon(1995). The degenerative process is caused by the enrichment of water by nutrients from adjacent waters or from land via rivers. These input lead to increased algal productivity and of the production of a quantity of biomass greater than to that can be used by herbivorous organisms. Eutrophication…How we can study it? Investigating Chlorophyll trend in the coastal zones, allow us to obtain information about the eutrophication state of an area. Ocean Color data represent an essential observational tool which offers an unique perspective on the natural environment thanks to the synoptic view, to the high sampling frequency and spatial resolution

Data MyOcean regional product developped using the ESA-CCI (Climate Change Initiative) Remote Sensing Reflectances (Rrs) as input data in the MyOcean OC processing chains. For each region Chl retrieval has been accomplished using SPECIFIC REGIONAL ALGORITHMS in order to obtain better estimates respect to a global generic algorithm: OC488 (Taberner et al, 2014) - OCEANCOLOUR_AT L_CHL_L3_REP_OBS ERVATIONS_009_067 BalAlg (D’Alimonte et al.,2012) – Not yet implemted BSAlg (Kopelevich et al., 2013) - OCEANCOLOUR_BS_ CHL_L3_REP_OBSER VATIONS_009_071 MedOC4 (Volpe et al., 2007) - OCEANCOLOUR_ME D_CHL_L3_REP_OBS ERVATIONS_009_073 Temporal coverage: Spatial resolution: 4km

BalAlg Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural nets trained with in situ data (CoASTS and BiOMaP) In situ observation from SeaDataNet (

Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s method applied to de-seasonalized monthly means Method

Pan-European Chlorophyll trend Black pixels indicate not statistically significant trend

Case 1 waters negative trend Case 2 waters negative/positive trend in correspondence of river outflow Black pixels indicate not statistically significant trend

Segura Turia Jucar Mijares Shellif Ebro Positive Trend easonable causes: Intense anthropogenic pressure (urban, industrial, port, agricultural, aquaculture and tourism activities) (Martínez-Guijarro et al 2013, Paredes-Arquiola et al., 2010) Negative Trend Reasonable causes: Decrease of nutrients (Bouza et al., 2006, Ibanez et al 2008) caused by improved water treatment and land management along the river basin (Torrecilla et al., 2005) Negative river discharge trend, induced dams (Ludwing et al., 2003,2009) Black pixels indicate not statistically significant trend

EBRO Reasonable causes: Reduction of phosphorus and nitrogen input starting from 1990 due to: Measures introduced by national and European legislation to reduce input of nutrients. Improving wastewater treatment through implementation of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (Ludwig et al. 2010, Romero et al.,2012, Olivier et al. (2009). On-shore water negative Trend Off-shore water positive Trend RHONE Reasonable causes: Might be related to wind induced effect such as upwelling Black pixels indicate not statistically significant trend

Reasonable causes: Presence of intensive industrial activities, anthropic and natural discharges (Ben Mustapha et al., 1999, Kharidis et al., 2012). Phosphogypsum pollution coming from the production of phosphoric acid (Katlane 2012) Black pixels indicate not statistically significant trend

Nile Eutrophication problems can be related to: nutrients of urban, industrial, and agricultural origins brought by Nile (UNEP/MAP 2009). pollutants such as organics, nutrients, fertilizers into the sea carried by Lebanese and Syrian rivers (UNEP/MAP 2009). Black pixels indicate not statistically significant trend

Ofanto Sangro Volturno Tiber Po Arno Black pixels indicate not statistically significant trend

Ofanto Sangro Volturno Tiber Po Arno …but reducing the temporal series… Black pixels indicate not statistically significant trend

Ofanto Sangro Volturno Tiber Po Po Arno Tiber Sangro Volturno Ofanto The discrepancy can be due to: 1)Increase of Po river discharge starting from )Lambro river disaster 3)Problems relate Chl retrieval using only Modis and Meris sensor Black pixels indicate not statistically significant trend

Ofanto Sangro Volturno Tiber Po Po Arno Tiber Sangro Volturno Ofanto Black pixels indicate not statistically significant trend The discrepancy can be due to: 1)Increase of Po river discharge starting from )Lambro river disaster 3)Problems relate Chl retrieval using only Modis and Meris sensor

Black pixels indicate not statistically significant trend Black Sea

Black pixels indicate not statistically significant trend Atlantic Sea Baltic Sea

To conclude… Mann Kendall test applied to deaseasonalized time serie of Merged Case 1- Case 2 chlorophyll has highlighted: More intense Trend signal associated to river outflow In the Mediterranean Sea Negative/positive trend linked to the implementation/non-implementation of the EU Directives