1 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Limited Streamer Tubes for the BaBar Instrumented Flux Return Upgrade Changguo Lu, Princeton University On behalf of BaBar LST group ICHEP’04, August 16-22, 2004 Beijing, P. R. China

2 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University 1. BaBar IFR system 2. Geometry selection – Choice of cell size 3. Aging limit for two different graphite paints – MIBK(Methyl-Isobutyl-Ketone) based and water based paint 4. Characteristics of water based graphite paint – humidity sensitivity 5. LST failure modes – Self-sustaining discharge 6. Source scan test – powerful tool to check for surface defects 7. Remediation of LST’s with narrow plateaus – clean anode wire and negative HV treatment Outline

3 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University 1: Present BaBar IFR system RPC efficiency degradation The efficiency of the RPC chambers in the BaBar Instrumented Flux Return (IFR) has seriously degraded, now averaging ~ 40%. At this point the additional  ID information from the IFR is inadequate for some applications, and will be a serious problem in the future. After intensive investigation, various remediation efforts have been carried out, but without success. As a result the BaBar collaboration decided to replace the dying barrel RPC chambers about two years ago.

4 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Upgrade of BaBar IFR Barrel  6 Brass layers  RPC  LST  2 sectors in 2004  4 more in 2005  cm = 0.52  cm = 0.23  cm = 0.25 New layer New RPC belt 5 layers of 2.5 cm brass Forward Endcap –5 brass layers –New RPC’s to improve efficiency –Installed summer cm steel

5 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University LSTs are conceptually well understood and have been used in more than a dozen HEP experiments with generally good results. Successful prototype tests by ourselves have demonstrated robustness against the highest expected rates, and the integrated charge for the experimental lifetime. Why BaBar choose LST to replace RPC? The simplicity and low cost of RPC technology have resulted in more and more experiments choosing them over LST for similar applications. However, puzzling features of RPC behavior are still not understood. New and unresolved problems continue to emerge. Completely understanding the physics and chemistry of RPC operation won’t be in the scope of urgent BaBar decision making. BaBar has chosen LST’s for its barrel IFR system upgrade.

6 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University 2: Choice of LST geometry Due to the limited gap space (~22mm) available in the BaBar barrel IFR, we have two options to keep efficiency and reliability high: Single layer of large cell LST a single layer of big cells – 17 x 15 mm 2 Double layers of small cell LST a double layer of small cell – 9 x 8 mm 2. (there is insufficient space for a double layer of 9x9 “standard” cell LST’s.) Compare several aspects of two options to select the better one.

7 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Comparison between two geometries Small cell LST 9 x 8 mm Large cell LST 17 x 15 mm Anode voltage(V) anode wire off center by 0.5mm towards bottom side  E/E 1.89%0.876% VV 88.8V48V Effective relative voltage change  V/V (anode wire diameter increased by 1% of 100  m) -0.79%-0.81%  Large cell is not as sensitive as small cell to the anode wire displacement  Effect of anode wire diameter variation is similar.  Important advantages of large cell design:  fewer cells (30%)  much better overall mechanical rigidity

8 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University 3: Aging tests on two different cathode surfaces A. MIBK based graphite paint We have tested an LST from the U. Houston facility: standard LST size: 9x9 mm 2 with MIBK based graphite paint. We have accumulated a charge dose > 0.75C/cm 2. Up to this limit no significant degradation of operation has occurred (no significant gain loss; no self-sustaining discharge ). B. Water based paint For the BaBar upgrade we are using LSTs from PolHiTech, which are painted with water based graphite paint. So far the total accumulated charge dose is ~0.6C/cm. The current remains stable, indicating that no gas gain degradation has shown up. Up to 2010 the maximum charge dose for BaBar barrel LST would be 0.12C/cm, so we have a quite large safety margin.

9 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University 4: Characteristics of two types of graphite paints MIBK based graphite paint – Used in Majority of previous experiments: Good adhesion, Stable resistivity, not sensitive to humidity, But hazardous. Water based graphite paint – PHT uses this paint for our LST: Not hazardous -- greatly simplifies the manufacturing facility, Adhesion of the paint on the PVC substrate is weak, Resistivity of the coating depends greatly upon humidity.  Essential to clean the PVC profile carefully to achieve reliable, strong adhesion of the coating skin.  Resistivities of water-based and MIBK-based paint have very different sensitivity to the ambient humidity.

10 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Humidity effect on the graphite paint resistivity The ratio of resistivities vs. R.H. shows water based paint is 20 times more sensitive to the humidity than MIBK based paint. Water based paint resistivity variation with R.H. Ratio of resistivity variation for two types of paints

11 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University 5: Common failure mode – self-sustaining discharge The most common failure mode encountered in LST Q/C is the self- sustaining discharge. We have found at least three defects can cause self-sustaining discharge: “pinnacles” on the graphite surface; bald spots on the graphite surface; dirty anode wire surface. Manufacturing the LST tube is usually not in clean room, therefore the interior of LST wouldn’t be supper clean, which would cause various problems during LST commissioning. To clean up the interior of the LST HV conditioning is one of the most important step: gradually raise HV step by step until it reaches the maximum value without drawing abnormal current, during that period current may be up and down several times, but in most cases it will calm down at the end of the conditioning.

12 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Study of defects in the LST graphite coating Not realistic to require the surface be coated without minor defects. To set specifications we need to understand at what level various surface defects affect operation. Method: Open the tube to find locations of any pinnacle’s, purposely create some bald spots and record the images of these defects with microscope; Reseal the tube and study the performance with a radioactive source at the locations of the defects; Repair the defects and retest.

13 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Jump delay vs. source intensity Delay in onset of self-sustaining discharge vs Initial current for bald spot #2: The delay time is a strong function of the source intensity. Even initial currents as low as 60nA (about 200 times the cosmic ray background rate) can trigger the jump in 470 seconds!

14 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Hot spots due to dirty wire surface Often when one opens an LST with bad plateau no obvious defect can be found. In this case the hot spot is most probably due to dirty wire surface. We can find hot spots with the pick-up coil outside of the tube: Pick- up coil Intensive pick-up signals

15 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University 6: Source scan test – Powerful tool to find the surface defects How to find the internal defects quickly w/o opening the tube? Following Opal’s experience, we scan each cell with a radioactive source, subjecting it to local currents far in excess of normal operation. This has proved to be a powerful tool: for good tubes, the current remains steady while the source is present, and returns to zero as soon as the source is removed. For regions of bad surface, however, the source might trigger a large, self-sustaining current. At the tip of a pinnacle and edge of a bald spot the electric field is much higher than normal, field emission would be easier at these area. Under normal low-radiation operation it is insufficient to trigger the self-sustaining discharge, but the intensive source radiation can reveal this weakness.

16 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University A. Good surface Choose a location free of pinnacles and bald spots and place the source there. In 40 minutes, there is no current jump. Current drops to background level immediately upon removing the source. This clearly indicates that good surfaces can handle very high rates. Average current ~ 2.75  A

17 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University B. Pinnacle Pinnacle #2 After opening the source shutter it took 3 seconds to jump to high current mode. The pinnacle size is around 0.35mm (the calibration grid pitch is 0.35mm). Open shutter Current jump

18 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University C. Bald spot This is a big bald spot, ~0.5x0.35mm. The initial normal current is ~2.3  A, triggered self-sustaining discharging current is ~3.8  A. Open shutter Current jump

19 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Electrostatic calculation for pinnacle and bald spot

20 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University 7: Remediation of hot spot due to dirty wire surface Here is an example of a tube showing dramatic improvement after such treatment: the hot spot has gone, we no longer can detect the hot spot with the coil, also plateau gets much better: Blowing away interior dust with an airoduster improves plateau, but the hot spot is still there. Cleaning the wire surface with ethanol/acetone removed the hot spot – plateau is now very good. Initial very bad plateau Clean the wire surface with ethanol/acetone

21 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University … Remediation of hot spot Applying negative HV to anode wire (we call it Negative Corona Treatment) is an alternative, easier and very effective remediation method for short-plateau LSTs with hot spots. Before negative corona treatment After negative corona treatment Negative corona treatment

22 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University More successful examples of remediation via - HV We have used this method to treat more short-plateau LSTs: W/o exception after –HV treatment all short- plateau LSTs exhibited normal performance with ~400 V plateaus.

23 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Conclusions LST is a mature technology. Many experiments have used this technology for large scale muon detection and hadron calorimeter successfully; A notorious problem for LST is setting up an adequate Q/C procedure. To be successful in this regard our R&D has provided various valuable insights, which provided better understanding of the LST technology; We have explored the most common failure mode: self-sustaining discharge, and have studied the role of graphite coating surface pinnacles, bald spots and dirty wire surfaces in the discharge; We have developed an effective negative corona discharge method to cure the short-plateau LST.

24 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Backup slides …

25 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Effect of anode wire misplacement on E-Field at the anode wire surface Small cell, 4700VBig cell, 5500V = V/cm E(off center) =  E/E = 1.89% = V/cm E(off center) =  E/E = 0.876%

26 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Anode Wire Diameter Tolerance We can control the anode wire diameter within 1% of 100  m. Estimate this tolerance to the effective anode wire voltage: For big 5500V:  V/V = -0.81% For small 4700V:  V/V = -0.79% The difference between big cell and small cell is very small.

27 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Procedure of -HV Treatment 1.Apply –HV to the anode wire, starting at –2000V; raise HV monitoring the current until it increases, keeping current below 2  A. 2.Typically the current drops and finally reaches almost zero. Such action indicates surface cleaning processes are underway. 3.Further increase the negative HV until the current jumps again. Repeat the procedure several times until the HV reaches –4100V with negligible current. 4.Apply +HV to the anode wire, and test its plateau to see whether the plateau has returned to normal.

28 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University A Working Hypothesis for -HV Treatment If an LST tube has passed HV conditioning, source scan, and has bad plateau, usually we can find a hot spot outside of the tube. By opening the tube, using ethanol/acetone to wipe the wire surface, we remediated all the tubes falling into this category.  the surface at hot spot region has bad coating. Ethanol/acetone can remove this coating easily  the negative HV treatment seems to be able to do the same thing w/o opening the tube. We propose a working hypothesis - Negative Corona Discharge (NCD) model to explain the mechanism of this treatment.

29 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Positive corona is the cause of hot spot Since the anode wire is on positive HV, a self-sustaining discharge caused by problems with the anode wire cannot be due to Malter effect, which only occurs on cathode. We interpret the self-sustaining discharge in such tube as positive corona discharge: An unwanted coating on the anode wire gives the electron cloud surrounding the wire a larger chance to recombine with positive ions in the electron/positive ion plasma, and emit UV photons. The latter would create new photoelectrons in the gas volume, therefore generate new avalanches.

30 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University … Positive corona discharge action 1, charged particle track creates electron-positive ion pairs in the gas, electrons drift towards anode wire, initiate gas avalanche; 2, electrons and ions in the plasma surrounding the wire are recombined, and emit UV photons, which generate photoelectrons in the gas; 3, photoelectrons start a new round of avalanche.

31 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University Negative Corona to Clean the dirty surface In the negative corona due to wire coating the positive ion cloud surrounding the wire would have more chance to be recombined with the electrons in the plasma. The resulting UV photons emitted from this process would release photoelectrons from the wire surface, therefore create more e- ion pairs in the plasma. Since the work function on the wire surface is much lower than ionization potential of gas molecule, therefore the negative corona action is concentrated on the wire surface. Combined with positive ion’s collision, there might be some chance to break the coating, generate some volatile molecules to be carried out by gas flow.

32 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University … Negative Corona Discharge Action 1.Ions in the charged particle’s track drift towards cathode wire; 2.Ions colliding with wire surface release electrons, in the high E-field around the wire, electrons will create more e-ion pairs; 3.Electron-Ion plasma surrounds wire, their recombination will emit UV photons. On the wire surface and in the gas, UV photons will create photoelectrons; 4.Ion’s collision would break the wire coating, form volatile molecules, then be carried away by gas flow, clean the wire surface.

33 August 18, 2004ICHEP’04, Beijing Changguo Lu, Princeton University W/o top shielding the e-field on the wire surface will be suppressed by 19%. If the anode wire voltage is 5500V, remove the top shielding will suppress the anode wire e-field equivalent to reduce the anode wire voltage by 1045V! In real laboratory the surrounding structure provides a lot of grounding places, which have various distances from the LST, therefore the suppress fact would be various. We may find the source scan current varies wildly. The top shielding is an essential part of LST, when we do the source scan test, it has to be present. … Electric Field Calculation for W/o Top Shielding