January 10, ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499 Mobile Computing Technologies & Apps Introduction to Mobile Computing & Technologies Lecture 1 Paul I-Hai Lin, Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne

January 10, Mobile Computing? Computer History & Applications Computer History & Applications Mainframe (IBM 360)Mainframe (IBM 360) MicrocomputersMicrocomputers MicrocontrollersMicrocontrollers Networking Networking Dialup, TCP/IP, Ethernet LAN, WAN, Wi-Fi, WLANDialup, TCP/IP, Ethernet LAN, WAN, Wi-Fi, WLAN Client-Server Computing Client-Server Computing Web serverWeb server File ServerFile Server Database serverDatabase server Distributed Computing Distributed Computing Mobile Computing Mobile Computing Peer-to-peer Computing Peer-to-peer Computing Grid Computing Grid Computing Wireless Communication Wireless Communication

January 10, Distributed Computing

January 10, What is Mobile Computing? Mobile Computing Mobile Computing Computing Platforms: PDAs, Smartphone, Pocket PCs, Tablet PCs, LaptopsComputing Platforms: PDAs, Smartphone, Pocket PCs, Tablet PCs, Laptops Networked embedded processors & appsNetworked embedded processors & apps Information & computing anytime, anywhereInformation & computing anytime, anywhere Distributed computing Distributed computing Nodes (computers)Nodes (computers) CommunicationsCommunications Computing tasksComputing tasks Wireless communication Wireless communication

January 10, Mobile Computing Applications User Groups Cellular phone/VoIP Cellular phone/VoIP Personal Information Management (PIM) Personal Information Management (PIM) Mobile Internet Access Mobile Internet Access Mobile Multimedia Entertainment Mobile Multimedia Entertainment Business User Applications Business User Applications Mobile Enterprise Mobile Enterprise Retail/Supply Chain Retail/Supply Chain Intelligent Transportation Intelligent Transportation Maintenance and Field Service Maintenance and Field Service Healthcare Healthcare Homeland Security/Emergency Homeland Security/Emergency Military Military

January 10, Mobile Computing Applications Internet access Internet access Personal Information Management (PIM) Personal Information Management (PIM) Instant Messaging Instant Messaging Data & information access Data & information access Context-aware applications Context-aware applications Audio streaming Audio streaming Video streaming Video streaming Cell phone Cell phone VoIP via WiFi VoIP via WiFi

January 10, Mobile Computing Constraints Resource-poor Resource-poor Battery packsBattery packs Hardware: Memory, CPU, peripheralsHardware: Memory, CPU, peripherals Software – MiddlewareSoftware – Middleware Less secure and less reliable Less secure and less reliable Lost or stolenLost or stolen Hostile or unfriendly environmentHostile or unfriendly environment Mobile connectivity Mobile connectivity Dynamic changes in environment: infrastructureDynamic changes in environment: infrastructure Highly variable: bandwidth, latencyHighly variable: bandwidth, latency Reliability: disconnectionsReliability: disconnections

January 10, Adaptability – the Key to Mobile Computing Vision Vision Dynamic changes in computing environmentDynamic changes in computing environment System agilitySystem agility Roam seamlesslyRoam seamlessly Perform computing and communication task uninterruptedPerform computing and communication task uninterrupted A scenario A scenario Video streaming applicationVideo streaming application Routing video stream packets Routing video stream packets Access points Access points New IP address New IP address

January 10, Mobility Transparency Mobile computing - a form of distributed computing Mobile computing - a form of distributed computing Application-Transparent Adaptation Application-Transparent Adaptation Access transparencyAccess transparency Location transparencyLocation transparency Failure transparencyFailure transparency Adaptive system is responsible for adaptation (sufficient?) Adaptive system is responsible for adaptation (sufficient?)

January 10, Application-Aware Adaptation Multimedia Application Multimedia Application Video ConferencingVideo Conferencing Mobile devices Mobile devices Remote server Remote server Operating condition changesOperating condition changes Move/bandwidth changes Move/bandwidth changes Request other peer/serverRequest other peer/server Lower quality videoLower quality video Battery power level changes Battery power level changes Conserve energyConserve energy Reducing the intensity of the back light (display)Reducing the intensity of the back light (display)

January 10, Mechanism for Adaptation Adapting Functionality of Mobile Application Adapting Functionality of Mobile Application Adapting Data – delivered Adapting Data – delivered Partition of duties Partition of duties Connected - Client-Server (CS) modelConnected - Client-Server (CS) model Disconnected – Mobile client works autonomouslyDisconnected – Mobile client works autonomously

January 10, Adapting Functionality Change dynamically the functionality of the computational entities Change dynamically the functionality of the computational entities Client/Server Client/Server Resource-poor mobile client requests a resource-rich server to perform expensive computationResource-poor mobile client requests a resource-rich server to perform expensive computation Request-Response modelRequest-Response model Persistent connection state modelPersistent connection state model

January 10, Adapting Functionality Extended Client/Server Extended Client/Server Maintain the state of the clients: hard state, soft stateMaintain the state of the clients: hard state, soft state Request service → Sleep (conserve energy) → Wake up (get result)Request service → Sleep (conserve energy) → Wake up (get result) Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP, RFC 4604, 4605)Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP, RFC 4604, 4605) Internet Group ManagementInternet Group Management Middleware request services Middleware request services Web pages ← Web serversWeb pages ← Web servers Database serverDatabase server Temporary IP addressesTemporary IP addresses Name translationName translation

January 10, Adapting Data Information Quality Information Quality Performance Performance Latency: from the Mobile client’s perspectiveLatency: from the Mobile client’s perspective Throughput: from the system’s perspectiveThroughput: from the system’s perspective Data maintained at remote server Data maintained at remote server Reference copyReference copy Up-to-dateUp-to-date Mobile client – may choose to access or manipulate data item of lower fidelity Mobile client – may choose to access or manipulate data item of lower fidelity

January 10, Adapting Data Fidelity Fidelity Agility Agility Consistency Consistency Data quality Data quality Video data – frame rate and image qualityVideo data – frame rate and image quality Spatial data such as topographic maps – minimum feature sizeSpatial data such as topographic maps – minimum feature size Telemetry data – sampling rate and timelinessTelemetry data – sampling rate and timeliness

January 10, Adaptations How To Software Software Middleware layersMiddleware layers Operating systemOperating system State Transitions State Transitions Strongly connectedStrongly connected Weak connectivityWeak connectivity Weak connectivity/Disconnected → Strong connectivityWeak connectivity/Disconnected → Strong connectivity DisconnectedDisconnected

January 10, Where ? Adaptations Client /Proxy/Server Client /Proxy/Server Proxies: Proxies: Filtering dataFiltering data Connections (security firewalls)Connections (security firewalls) Modifying control data (network address translator)Modifying control data (network address translator) Transcoding (converting data, content transformation)Transcoding (converting data, content transformation) Adapting to the hardware/software capabilities – in the proxy and/or at the server Adapting to the hardware/software capabilities – in the proxy and/or at the server Adapting to the connectivity of the mobile device: at the server and/or the client Adapting to the connectivity of the mobile device: at the server and/or the client Adapting to the resource availability at the mobile device: at the client Adapting to the resource availability at the mobile device: at the client