18.1 Magma VOLCANIC ACTIVITY.

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Presentation transcript:

18.1 Magma VOLCANIC ACTIVITY

Magma Molten rock, mineral grains, and dissolved gasses deep inside Earth Rocks begin to melt at 800o-1200oC Depth, pressure and melting point have a direct relationship However, wet rock melts at a lower temperature (p.472)

Types of Magma Basaltic- Hawaiian Islands Andesitic- Mount St. Helens Rhyolitic- Yellowstone National Park

Magma Composition Viscosity- resistance to flow Basaltic- low viscosity, low gas, low silica, quiet eruptions Andesitic- found near subduction zones, intermediate viscosity, 60% silica, intermediate eruptions Rhyolitic- high silica, high gas, very explosive!

Viscosity Hotter = less viscous Basaltic lava temperatures = 1000o- 1250oC Rhyolitic lava temperatures = 700o- 900oC More silica = higher viscosity

18.2 Intrusive Activity VOLCANIC ACTIVITY

Plutons Bodies of intrusive igneous rock Exposed on the surface by erosion

Batholiths- large formations that spread over at least 100 km2 Stocks- similar to batholiths but cover less than 100 km2 at the surface.

Laccolith- mushroom-shaped; form when magma flows between rock layers and pushes up the overlying rock layers.

Sill- parallel to surrounding rock layers. Dike- cuts across layers of rock. Sills and dikes vary in thickness from a few centimeters to hundreds of meters.

Plutons and Tectonics Plutons are caused by mountain-building processes along convergent plate boundaries.

18.3 Volcanoes VOLCANIC ACTIVITY

Anatomy of a Volcano Lava erupts through openings in the crust called vents. Bowl shaped areas atop vents are called craters.

Volcanoes can collapse and form larger depressions called calderas.

Types of Volcanoes Shield- broad, gentle slope; non-explosive means of formation Cinder-cone- small, steep sides, explosive; formed by piled debris Composite- violent; composed of fragments and solidified lava

Volcanic Material Tephra- rock fragments thrown into the air by an eruption Classified by size: dust, ash, lapilli, volcanic blocks and volcanic bombs Blocks are angular; bombs are rounded

Pyroclastic Flow Rapidly moving cloud of volcanic material Speeds can exceed 100 mph - 450 mph Temperatures can reach 1800oF

Where Do Volcanoes Occur? Convergent boundaries- subduction zones where magma is forced upward Divergent boundaries- magma is forced upward at ridges, rifts, fractures and faults

Where Do Volcanoes Occur? Hotspots- hot stationary plumes of magma far from plate boundaries

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