Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Chapter 33 Invertebrates

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Overview: Life Without a Backbone  Invertebrates are animals that lack a backbone  They account for 95% of known animal species

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig ANCESTRAL PROTIST Common ancestor of all animals Calcarea and Silicea Eumetazoa Bilateria Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings A sponge A jelly A ctenophore, or comb jelly A marine flatworm A sea urchin

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Acoel flatworms 1.5 mm A rotifer Ectoprocts A brachiopodAn octopus A marine annelid

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings A ribbon worm A priapulan A roundworm An onychophoran A scorpion (an arachnid)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Phyla Calcerea and Silcea (Porifera)  Sponges are sedentary animals  They live in both fresh and marine waters  Sponges lack true tissues and organs  Most sponges are hermaphrodites: Each individual functions as both male and female

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Sponges are suspension feeders, capturing food particles suspended in the water that pass through their body  Choanocytes, flagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food  Water is drawn through pores into a cavity called the spongocoel, and out through an opening called the osculum  Sponges consist of a noncellular mesophyl layer between two cell layers

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig Spongocoel Osculum Pore Epidermis Water flow Mesohyl Choanocyte Flagellum Choanocyte Amoebocyte Phagocytosis of food particles Amoebocytes

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Clade Eumetazoa (true tissues): Phylum Cnidarians  Wide range of both sessile and motile forms including jellies, corals, and hydras  They exhibit a relatively simple diploblastic, radial body plan  The basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig Polyp Mouth/anus Body stalk Tentacle Gastrovascular cavity Gastrodermis Mesoglea Epidermis Tentacle Mouth/anus Medusa A single opening functions as mouth and anusA single opening functions as mouth and anus There are two variations on the body plan: the sessile polyp and motile medusaThere are two variations on the body plan: the sessile polyp and motile medusa

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Cnidarians are carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey  The tentacles are armed with cnidocytes, unique cells that function in defense and capture of prey  Nematocysts are specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig Tentacle Nematocyst “Trigger” Thread discharges Thread (coiled) Cnidocyte Thread

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig (a) Colonial polyps (class Hydrozoa) (b) Jellies (class Scyphozoa) Sea wasp (class Cubozoa) (d) Sea anemone (class Anthozoa) (c)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Classes of Phylum Cnidaria Hydrozoans: Hydrozoans: - Alternate between polyp and medusa forms Scyphozoans: Scyphozoans: - Jellies (medusae) are the prevalent form of the life cycle Cubozoans: -Includes box jellies and sea wasps - The medusa is box-shaped and has complex eyes - Cubozoans often have highly toxic cnidocytes Anthozoans: -Includes the corals and sea anemones - Occur only as polyps Video: Jellyfish Medusae separating from polyp Video: Jellyfish Medusae separating from polyp Video: Jellyfish Medusae Video: Jellyfish Medusae Video: Jellyfish tentacles Video: Jellyfish tentacles Video: Box Jelly sting Video: Box Jelly sting Video: Hydra Budding Video: Hydra Budding Video: Sea anemone Video: Sea anemone

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Clade Lophotrochozoans have the widest range of animal body forms  Includes the flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids

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Phylum Platyhelminthes  Flatworms live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats (mostly parasitic)  They are tribloblastic acoelomates  They are flattened dorsoventrally and have a gastrovascular cavity (one opening)  No organs for gas exchange or circulation

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Flatworms are divided into four classes: 1. Turbellaria (mostly free-living flatworms called planarians; hermaphrodites) 2. Monogenea (are fish parasites) 3. Trematoda (trematodes, or flukes are parasites) 4. Cestoda (tapeworms, parasites in intestine of vertebrates) Video: Tapeworm Video: Tapeworm

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Phylum Rotifera  Rotifers are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil  Rotifers are smaller than many protists but are truly multicellular and have specialized organ systems - Rotifers have an alimentary canal (not a gastrovascular cavity), a digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus that lies within a fluid-filled pseudocoelom - Parthogenesis: females producing more females with out the help of males Video: Rotifer Video: Rotifer

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Phylum Mollusca  Includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids  Most are marine, though some inhabit fresh water and some are terrestrial  Soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  All molluscs have a similar body plan with three main parts: –Muscular foot –Visceral mass –Mantle  Many molluscs also have a water-filled mantle cavity, and feed using a rasplike radula  Most molluscs have separate sexes with gonads located in the visceral mass  Many snails are hermaphrodites.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Table 33-3

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Chitins  Oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates ClassPolyplacophora ClassGastropoda  Snails and slugs  The most distinctive characteristic of gastropods is torsion, which causes the animal’s anus and mantle to end up above its head

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Class Bivalvia - Clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops - Shell is divided into two halves - The mantle cavity contains gills that are used for feeding as well as gas exchange (suspension feeders) ClassCephalopoda - Squids and octopuses - Carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot -Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system, well- developed sense organs, and a complex brain Squid

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Phylum Annelida  Annelids have bodies composed of a series of fused rings  Segmented worms and are coelomates  Closed circulatory system  Sea, frseshwater habitats, and damp soil

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Oligochaetes  Sparse chaetae, bristles made of chitin  Earthworms  Earthworms are hermaphrodites but cross-fertilize  Alimentary canal Polychaetes  Paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and aid in locomotion Hirudinea Blood-sucking parasites, such as leeches

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Clade Ecdysozoans  Covered by a tough coat called a cuticle  The cuticle is shed or molted through a process called ecdysis  The two largest phyla are nematodes and arthropods

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Phylum Nematoda  Roundworms are found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals  They have an alimentary canal, but lack a circulatory system  pseudocoelomate  Non segmented  Tough coat = cuticle

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Phylum Arthropoda  Coelomates  Body plan consists of a segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages  The body of an arthropod is completely covered by the cuticle, an exoskeleton made of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin  When an arthropod grows, it molts its exoskeleton  Arthropods have an open circulatory system  A variety of organs specialized for gas exchange have evolved in arthropods  Aquatic and terrestrial

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sub Phyla Cheliceriforms - Clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae - Include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites - Have an abdomen and a cephalothorax, which has six pairs of appendages Sub Phyla Myriapods - Millipedes and centipedes - Are terrestrial, and have jaw- like mandibles - Millipedes (each segment has two pairs of legs) - Centipedes are carnivores (one pair of legs per segment)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sub Phyla Hexapoda  Insects  Complex organ systems  Evolution of flight  Some insects are beneficial as pollinators, while others are harmful as carriers of diseases, or pests of crops  Insects are classified into more than 30 orders

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings -In incomplete metamorphosis, the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size - Insects with complete metamorphosis have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar Adult Emerging adult Later-stage pupa Pupa Larva (caterpillar)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sub Phyla Crustaceans  Marine and freshwater environments  Branched appendages that are extensively specialized for feeding and locomotion Isopods include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species Isopods include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species – Pill bugs are a well known group of terrestrial isopods Decapods are all relatively large crustaceans and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp Decapods are all relatively large crustaceans and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp Ghost crab KrillBarnacles

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Clade deuterostomes  Phylum Echinodermata (sea stars) and phylum Chordata (vertebrates)  Shared characteristics define deuterostomes (Chordates and Echinoderms) –Radial cleavage –Formation of the mouth at the end of the embryo opposite the blastopore

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Phylum Echinodermata  Slow-moving or sessile marine animals  Have a unique water vascular system, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange  Males and females are usually separate, and sexual reproduction is external  Central disk has nerve ring and nerve cords Video: Biology of Echinoderm Video: Biology of Echinoderm

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig (a) A sea star (class Asteroidea) (c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea) (e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea) (b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea) (d) A feather star (class Crinoidea) (f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Class Asteroidea - Sea stars have multiple arms radiating from a central disk - The undersurfaces of the arms bear tube feet, each of which can act like a suction disk - Sea stars can regrow lost arms - Turn stomach inside out Class Ophiuroidea - Brittle stars -Have a distinct central disk and long, flexible arms, which they use for movement -Tube feet lack suckers Class Echinoidea - Sea urchins and sand dollars have no arms but have five rows of tube feet Class Crinoidea - Sea lilies live attached to the substrate by a stalk -Feather stars can crawl using long, flexible arms -Mouth directed upward Class Holothuroidea -Sea cucumbers lack spines, and do not look like other echinoderms -5 rows of tube feet Class Concentricycloidea - Sea daisies; only three species are known

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 33-UN6