Chapter 13, Section 1

Temperature Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance.

FahrenheitCelsiusKelvin Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin are three temperature scales.

is the increase in volume of a substance due to an increase in temperature. Thermal expansion

Absolute zero (0 K, or -273 C) is the lowest possible temperature.

A thermostat works because of the thermal expansion of a bimetallic strip.

Chapter 13, Section 2

Heat is energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures.

Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of the particles that make up a substance.

Thermal energy will always be transferred from… to temperature. lower

Transfer of thermal energy ends when two objects that are in contact are at the same temperature. “Eventually, the juice, bottle, and water have the same temperature. The juice and bottle have become colder, and the water has become warmer.” (pg. 387) /entertaining-ideas/holidays/july-4th/festive-fourth-of-july

,, and are three ways thermal energy is transferred. Conduction convention radiation

Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of of a substance by 1 kg 1°C

Energy transferred by heat cannot be measured directly. It must be calculated using specific heat, mass, and change in temperature.

Energy transferred by heat is expressed in joules (J) and is calculated as follows: Heat (J) = specific heat (J/kg  °C) X mass (kg) X change in temperature (°C). specific heat (J/kg  °C) X mass (kg) X change in temperature (°C).

Matter and Heat Chapter 13, Section 3

States of matter include,, and. solid liquid gas

Thermal energy transferred during a change of state does not change a substance’s temperature. Rather, it causes a substance’s particles to be rearranged.

Chemical changes can cause thermal energy to be released or absorbed.

Chapter 13 Section 4

Central heating systems include heating systems and heating systems. hot-water warm-air

Solar heating systems can be passive or active. In passive solar heating, a building takes advantage of the sun’s energy without the use of moving parts. Active solar heating uses moving parts to aid the flow of solar energy throughout a building. For example, “solar collectors, a network of pipes, pumps, a fan, and a water storage tank.” ( pg. 400) For example, utilize “thick walls and large windows that face south.” ( pg. 400)

Heat engines use heat to do work. A car has a heat engine, a machine that uses heat to do work.

The two kinds of heat engines are:

A cooling system transfers thermal energy from cooler temperatures to warmer temperatures by doing work.