All about Plants!

The importance of plants….. Primary source of food Major producers of oxygen Keep us cool Renew the air Slow down the wind Hold soil in place Provide a home for wildlife Beautify our surroundings Perfume the air Furnish building materials and fuel

Objective A Students will be able to identify parts of the plants and discuss their functions;

Major Plant Parts Vegetative Parts: Reproductive Parts: Roots Stems Leaves Reproductive Parts: Flowers

Roots Functions Absorb water and nutrients Anchor plant and support the aboveground part of plant Store food to be used later Need to grow constantly for plant to stay healthy First structure to form from seed Plant health is closely tied to root health

Root Structure Primary Root- first root to grow from the seed. Secondary Roots – grow from primary root Both have Root Hairs – they help anchor the plant, absorb water & nutrients

Root Structure Apical Meristem Root Cap: Covers and protects apical meristem as it pushes through soil particles Epidermis: Where water and minerals enter root Root Hairs: Projections that increase root surface area allowing greater moisture and nutrient uptake

Root Systems Fibrous Root :A system that has no dominant primary root Taproot: A system composed of one primary root and many secondary roots that branch off

Root Nodules Swellings (bumps) on the roots Rhizobium bacteria live in these bumps they take nitrogen from the air and combine it with oxygen to make it useable to the plant puts nitrogen in the soil so that crops that grow there later may use the nitrogen

Legumes Legumes are the group of plants that can do this Soybeans, clover, alfalfa, beans, peas

Root Health Healthy Roots: Roots are white or nearly white, and smell fresh. Unhealthy Roots: Roots are black, brown, or dark orange and smell rotten and sour.

Root Health Watering properly drastically affects the plant’s health Drainage holes in the pot Soaked with water until it drains out the bottom encourages plant growth throughout the entire pot Allow soil to dry slightly between waterings

Stems All stems look very similar, but upon closer observation there are many differences!

Functions of Stems Support leaves, and position them so they can receive as much sunlight as possible Responsible for size and shape of plant Move water, minerals, and manufactured food throughout whole plant Green stems produce food through photosynthesis

Stems External Structures: Terminal Bud: Bud located at end of stem Apical Meristem: Contained inside terminal bud; responsible for stem growth. Node: Place where leaves are attached to stem Internode: Area between nodes

Stems External Structures: Lateral Buds: Buds located on side branches Bud Scales: Protective structures located on outside of terminal and lateral buds Lenticels: Small spots on stem that allow a stem to exchange gases with its environment

Stems Internal Structures: 3 Types of Tissues used for transport of materials Xylem, Phloem, and Cambium Arranged by Small bundles scattered throughout stem OR Rings or a ring of bundles

Stems Internal Structures: Xylem: Tissue responsible for carrying water and nutrients from roots to leaves; located near center of stem Xylem Up!! Phloem: Tissue responsible for carrying food produced in leaf to rest of plant; usually located near outside of stem Phloem Down!!

Stems Internal Structures: Cambium: Tissue responsible for the production of new xylem and phloem. It is found between the xylem and phloem.

Specialized Stems Bulbs: Short flattened stem which has several fleshy leaves. Bulbs are found beneath the soil. Example: Onions Corm: Spherical structure similar to a bulb Example: Gladiolus

Specialized Stems Rhizome: Thick underground stem which lies horizontally. Example: Mother in Law’s Tongue Stolon: Horizontal stem which lies above the ground (often called runners). Example: Strawberry runners

Specialized Stems Tuber: Rhizome with a tip swollen with stored food Example: Potatoes

Leaves Produce food for the plants Functions Produce food for the plants Efficiently collect light and use that light to make energy

Activity #2 Instructions Supplies Needed: 1 leaf 1 piece of paper 1 crayon Instructions Using the crayon and rub the image of the leaf in the middle of the page.

Label Your Picture

Leaf Parts Leaf Blade: Large, broad, flat surface whose job is to collect sunlight Petiole: supports the leaf and holds it away from the stem. Midrib: Main vein running down the center of the leaf. It helps hold the leaf so it is facing the sun.

Vein Patterns Parallel: Veins never cross; found in monocots Netted: Veins form a network; found in dicots

Leaf Types Simple Leaf: Has only one leaf on the petiole. Compound Leaf: A leaf with multiple blades.

Leaf Layers Cuticle: Top waxy, non-cellular part of leaf; prevents water escaping Epidermis: Skin like layer of cells found on top and bottom; protects leaf

Leaf Layers Palisade Mesophyll: Layer of cells standing on end directly below upper epidermis; responsible for photosynthesis Spongy Mesophyll: Loosely packed cells located beneath palisade mesophyll; responsible for holding products of photosynthesis

Leaf Layers Stomata: Holes in lower epidermis responsible for gas exchange. Guard Cells: Surround stomata's which open and close them.

Objective B Determine the importance of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration.

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis: A chemical process by which a plant turns light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of sugar. Water + Carbon dioxide Sugar and Oxygen

Photosynthesis Palisade layer -- full of cells containing Chloroplasts Chloroplasts -- where light dependent reaction takes place

Plants don’t photosynthesize. Chloroplasts do Plants don’t photosynthesize. Chloroplasts do! Plants just happen to be lucky enough to have chloroplasts in their cells.

Respiration Cellular Respiration: The opposite of photosynthesis. This process breaks sugars down so plants can use them. Similar to digestion in animals. Takes place in a place in the cell called the mitochondria.

Respiration How are photosynthesis and respiration important to us as human beings?

Transpiration Loss of water from a plant Lost mostly by the leaves Water goes out of leaves through stomata Too much water loss damages plants Every plant is different

Determine the difference between monocots and dicots Objective C Determine the difference between monocots and dicots

Plant Classification Non Flowering Ferns Cone-Producers (Conifers)

Plant Classification Flowering Monocots Dicots

Monocots Leaves have parallel Veins Fibrous Roots Flower parts in 3’s Seed has one part (cotyledon) Vascular bundles are scattered

Dicots Leaves have branched Veins Tap Roots Flower parts in 4’s & 5’s Seed has two parts (cotyledons) Vascular bundles are in a ring

Identify flower anatomy and functions Objective D Identify flower anatomy and functions

Flower Anatomy

Flower Anatomy - Male Stamen: Male part of flower Filament: Stalk-like object in the stamen that holds up anther Anther: Sack-like structure that contains pollen.

Flower Anatomy – Female Pistil: Female part of flower Stigma: Sticky part of pistil receptive to pollen. Style: Rod-shaped middle part that has a swollen base (ovary) containing eggs

Flower Anatomy – Female cont. Ovary: Female reproductive organ Ovule: Reproductive cell which becomes the seed when fertilized by pollen.

Flower Anatomy – neither male or female Petals: Colorful leaf-like structures that attract animals and insects Calyx: When all sepals are fused together

Flower Anatomy – neither male or female Sepals: Green leaves that protect flower before it opens Peduncle: Stem

Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Two parents (meiosis) The stamen releases pollen. Pollen is carried by wind, gravity, animals, or insects to the stigma of another flower. (This is when pollination occurs) Pollen moves from stigma down pollen tube in the style depositing sperm in ovary

Sexual Reproduction in Plants: When sperm has been deposited in ovary, fertilization has occurred. When eggs have been fertilized, ovary and surrounding tissue start to enlarge to become fruit and fertilized eggs become seeds.

Flowers Flower Types: Perfect Flower: Has both male and female parts Imperfect Flower: Flower that is missing either male or female parts Complete Flower: Flowers that have sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens

Flowers Flower Types: Incomplete Flowers: When flower is missing sepals, petals, pistils, or stamen. Imperfect Flowers are always incomplete. Incomplete flowers may or may not be imperfect

Explain plant life cycle Objective E Explain plant life cycle

Plant Life Cycle Annual Biennial Perennial

Annuals Completes a life cycle in 1 year Grow, mature, bloom, produce seeds & die Summer Annuals – complete cycle during spring & summer Winter Annuals – complete cycle during fall & winter

Annual Example: Zinnia

Biennial 2 years to complete its life cycle 1st year – vegetative structure & food storage Over winter it goes dormant 2nd year produces flowers, fruit & seed

Biennial Example: Carrots

Perennial Live 2 or more years Herbaceous perennials Woody Perennials soft, non-woody stems die back to the ground each winter New stems grow from the plant's crown each spring. Woody Perennials Trees & shrubs Withstand cold winter temperatures

Perennial Example: Trees & Shrubs