REGIONAL SLIDES

AFRICA Africa is a region of turmoil – from tsunamis to droughts; fires to floods and meteor impacts to epidemics and pandemics Between 1975 and 2005, the population more than doubled from 335 to 751 million and is predicted to reach 1.1 billion by 2025 Total forest area of Africa is km 2 ; Africa constitutes about 17 percent of the world's forests; Nigeria has the world’s highest deforestation rate Currently Africa’s growth rate is at 2.2 percent a year 300 million Africans do not have access to safe water, about 313 million have no access to sanitation and over 88 million people are malnourished In Africa, agriculture provides livelihoods for about 60 percent of the continent's active labour force, contributes to 17 percent of Africa's total gross domestic product and accounts for 40 percent of its foreign currency earnings Sources: FAO, Population Reference Bureau

Disappearing Icecap of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania Africa’s highest mountain with a forest belt having rich diversity of ecosystems 1976: Glaciers covered most of the summit 2000: The glaciers had receded alarmingly

Impact of Civil Wars on Guinea These images show impact of civil wars in Liberia on neighboring Guinea 2002: The light green color is the result of deforestation in the “safe area” where refugees set up camp *The civil wars resulted in refugees creating camps in neighboring countries which causes deforestation.

Images show urban sprawl and its impact Urban growth and expansion of cropland has led to decline in woodland in Gambia 1999: Abuko Nature Reserve is an isolated patch of green in the 1999 image Urban Sprawl in Banjul, Gambia

Undergoing Steady Urban Growth - Tripoli, Libya *Grasslands have been converted into agricultural fields *Urban expansion is especially notable in Libya (shades of grey) Libya began using their oil resources when planting trees along their Southern border in order to stop desertification.

Industrializing Midrand, South Africa Midrand, South Africa-- rapidly transforming city due to population growth, agriculture, mining, and industry Surrounding area consists largely of agriculture High density urban development

Population Growth Around Lake Victoria, Uganda The population growth around 100 km buffer zone of the Lake Victoria Population growth around Lake Victoria, East Africa, is the highest in Africa

Population Growth: Lake Victoria vs. Africa Note: Figures for 2010 and 2015 are estimates.

Diversity in Mt. Kenya Ecosystems Kenya These images show high diversity in ecosystems and species 2000: The entire forest belt of Mount Kenya is a National Reserve 2002: The image shows that there has been significant improvement in the state of conservation of forests

These images show deforestation rate in Cote d’Ivoire, believed to be one of the highest in the world 1988: Shows destruction of small forest fragments 2002: The lighter green strip bisecting the images shows the result of extensive deforestation and intensive cultivation Tai National Park, Côte d’Ivoire – site of world’s highest deforestation rate *Intensive cultivation is causing extensive deforestation

Impact of Challawa Gorge Dam Nigeria These images show the area before and after construction of the dam 1990: Image of the area before the completion of the dam in : Impact of flooding upstream from the dam; colour of the water in the flooded area indicates high sediments *The damming of rivers causes flooding above the dam which results in loss of land.

Shrinking Lake Chad shared by Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon Persistent drought has shrunk Lake Chad to about a tenth of its former size 1972: Larger lake surface area is visible in this image 2001: Impact of drought displays a shrunken lake, comparatively much smaller surface area than in 1972 image

Land Cover Degradation Around Lake Nakuru, Kenya These images show the land cover degradation in the lake’s catchment 2000: Excision of forest in the Eastern Mau Forest Reserve (white lines) in Kenya will most likely lead to disappearance of upper catchment forest cover. Deforestation and overuse of land has caused soil erosion.

Converted Lands of Narok, Kenya These images show the conversion of grasslands into agricultural fields 1975: The agricultural expansion is just beginning 2000: This image shows the degree to which farmlands have expanded Most of Africa is converting grasslands into farmland. Poor farming techniques can lead to desertification.

These images show the desert area transformed into vegetable plots : Image of the area before the desert reclamation project began in mid-1990s n Toshka Lakes: Farming the Desert Egypt 2000: Four new lakes are visible in this image, faint blue-green areas around the lakes are newly created agricultural lands Egypt is transforming desert into farmland (blue/white areas)

Toshka Lakes: Farming the Desert Egypt 2005: New fields are clearly visible in the image

AFRICA’S LAKES According to the WORLDLAKE database, there are 677 lakes in Africa There are 15 natural lakes that cross the political boundaries of two or more countries in Africa Lake Chad’s surface area has shrunk by 95 percent over the past 35 years There are 60 transboundary river basins in Africa, covering over 63 per cent of the continent’s land area Sources: UNEP 2006 Uncontrolled damming, the withdrawal of water for irrigation, and climate variability are the major causes of drying up of Lake Tonga in Algeria Population growth around Lake Victoria, the continent’s largest lake, is significantly higher than the rest of Africa Some lakes in central Africa have become known as “killer lakes,” because of the catastrophic natural events that have occurred in their vicinity

Lake Kivu-one of Africa’s “killer lakes” Congo/Rwanda These images show dramatic changes before and after the eruption of Mt. Nyiragongo in : Before the January 2002 eruption 2003: Shows the track of the lava flow

Impact of Al Wahda reservoir in Morocco These images illustrate the change in land cover 1987: The area before the construction of dams 2001: The area after the construction of 110 large dams

Agricultural expansion around Lake Manantali, Mali These images show the expansion of irrigated agriculture Mali is plagued by deforestation, soil erosion, overgrazing, and lack of potable water 1999: Shows the expanded irrigated land and increase in lake water quantity

Reduction in the surface area of Songor Lagoon, Ghana These images show a conspicuous reduction in the surface area 1990: Shows major lagoon system associated with Volta river estuary 2000: This image shows water area dramatically reduced, exposing bare ground

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Causes of Deforestation and Desertification in Botswana Overgrazing Periodic droughts Limited freshwater resources

Botswana resources and issues: Botswana has 3 of the world’s richest diamond mines High per capita income 1/3 of their population infected with HIV/AIDS Life expectancy=39 years

Current Issues in Egypt A surging population is taxing Egypt’s natural resources to the breaking point Urbanization and desertification are snatching up precious agricultural lands while pollution from industry, agriculture, and sewage threaten water resources (Nile River) Freshwater is limited to the Nile Pollution from oil, agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial waste Desertification is a constant threat Soil salination is high below the Aswan High Dam (puzzle)!

Issues in Kenya Water is Kenya’s biggest challenge –Recurring drought affects agricultural and domestic water supplies and hydropower stations –Pollution from waste water and agricultural and industrial runoff is further strapping supplies of clean water

Chad’s issues Plagued by the harmattan winds, periodic droughts, and locust plagues Eco-alerts=lack of potable water and desertification Pollution from oil pipeline project (began in 2001)

What do you think? How do physical features like deserts, mountains, rivers, and ocean proximity impact countries like Ethiopia, Sudan, and Morocco?

What kind of effect do these have on the people of Africa (where they work, live, and their transportation)? Sahara –Historically a trade route –Work is trade or farming –Live near water supplies (scarce) –Rely upon camels for transport Sahel –People rely upon farming –Some areas are rich in natural resources –Live near water supplies (scarce) –Rely upon camels and waterways for transport –Many people live without running water, electricity, or proper sewers –Very susceptible to bad weather Savanna -Mostly farming -Wildlife parks/tourism -People gather near good farmland and water supplies (also a source of their jobs) -Roads and waterways for transport Rain Forest -farming, mining, & timber industry= major occupations -deforestation is taking place (cutting down trees so that there is more room for farming) -transportation can be difficult because of poorly maintained roads -people live where the jobs are