Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Human Genetic Engineering Introductory video: nT7g 8:19 in length

Genome All an organism’s genetic information Chromosomes Genes DNA

Human Genome Project Mapped bacterial genome Mapped genes on all human chromosomes

Computer Analysis of DNA

Computer analysis of DNA

HGP Pros Commercial success(created $800,000 billion and employed 4 million) Many serious diseases and disorders are better understood and treated Predict/maybe even cure genetic disorders More “intelligent” drugs to treat disorders Learn how bacteria cause disease Make disease-resistant plants

HGP Cons Ethical questions: some people believe it messes with natural selection and sequencing. Privacy issues. Personal genetic information is shared with organizations and could someday lead to who gets treatment. GMOs. Controversy over genetically modifying our food supply.

Video on ethics: al8bQhttps:// al8bQ Ethical, Legal, Social Implications of Genetic Knowledge (Less than 2 minutes)

Plasmids Circular DNA in bacteria Extra chromosomes Offer variation in bacteria

Recombinant Plasmid Genetic engineering is based on the use of recombinant DNA Combining DNA from plasmid and another source (contains DNA from more than one organism).

Recombinant Plasmid- Cut Restriction enzymes (endonuclease) Recognize and cut at specific DNA sequence (Recognition sequence/Restriction site) Form “sticky ends”

Recombinant Plasmid- Insert and Paste “Sticky ends” from 2 DNAs cut with same restriction enzyme join How DNA ligase works:

Transformation Bacteria cells take in recombinant plasmid Recombinant plasmid reproduces

Transformation Test Add antibiotic-resistant genes Grow bacteria on plate with antibiotics Survive = bacteria with genes (recombinant DNA)

Animation of Recombinant DNA: Mechanism-of-Recombination-3D- animation-with-with-basic-narration.htmlhttp:// Mechanism-of-Recombination-3D- animation-with-with-basic-narration.html (less than 2 minutes)

Transgenic Organisms (GMO) Given a foreign gene Used to create human hormones & proteins Used widely in agriculture

Eyes of Nye – GMO Foods science-guy-gmo-foods/ Length 7:58

Cloning Organisms made with exact same DNA

This is Nico!!!!! No genetic engineering!! LOL

The Eyes of Nye – Cloining onZng&safe=active Length: 24:45

Viruses Inject their DNA into host cell Host cell makes copies and viral proteins Viruses reproduce Used to introduce new genes in organisms Called “vectors”

Gene Therapy Treat genetic disorders Correct gene inserted into viral DNA Virus puts gene back in body Correct gene replicated Correct proteins made

Gene Therapy Video Clip Exposure Therapy Helps People Control Their Fears w-does-gene-therapy-work-video.htm Length: 3:39

NBC News clip: Gene Therapy Offers New Hope to Cancer Patients news/ # Length: 2:22

Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.

Example of using Gel Electrophresis from the Genetic Engineering (Frog DNA…) youTube video we watched: UVk This video actually shows the entire process of recombinant DNA. Gel electrophresis is at the very end. (frog DNA video)

An electrical current is used to separate a mixture of DNA fragments from each other.

Under an ultraviolet light DNA fragments of different sizes appear as different bands in the gel.