Plants

Botany The study of plants

2 Types of Plants Nonvascular Plants : have no vessels, no roots, no stems or leaves Examples: Mosses & Liverworts Vascular Plants : have vascular tissue Xylem: transports water Phloem: transports food & nutrients

Gymnosperms Naked seeds Cone bearing plants Needle like leaves Seeds grow on cones Needle like leaves Usually stay green year round Wind pollinated Examples: pine trees & evergreens

Angiosperms Flowering plants Seeds are enclosed in a fruit Most are pollinated by birds & bees Have finite growing seasons Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, dandelions

Angiosperms Dicot Monocot Have 1 seed leaf (cotyledon) Parallel veins on leaves 3 part symmetry of flowers Fibrous roots – branching Examples: lilies, onions, corn, grasses, wheat Have 2 seed leaves Net veins on leaves Flowers have 4-5 parts Taproots – straight down Examples: trees & ornamental flowers

Parts of the Plant Roots Water & minerals are absorbed (Taproots vs fibrous roots) Used to anchor the plant Movement of water up to leaves is influenced by TRANSPIRATION

Parts of the Plant cont. Stems Support plant Transport water through xylem Transport nutrients through phloem 2 types of stems: herbaceous & woody

Parts of the Plant cont. Leaves Photosynthetic organ of the plant, used to convert sunlight into food Photosynthetic Equation:

Stomata Pores within the leaf that open to let CO2 in & O2 out Guard cells open & close Cuticle: waxy covering on leaf that prevents water loss

Flower Reproductive organ of the plant Flowers are usually both male & female Male part = STAMEN Female part = PISTIL

Plant Reproduction Pollen is produced by the stamen Pollen moves away from the plant via wind or pollinators Pollen lands on the pistil of another plant & fertilizes the eggs within the ovary The flower petals fall off, the ovary develops into a FRUIT that encloses the seeds Fruits are dispersed in a variety of ways (wind or animals) Fruits are not always edible, anything with a seed inside can be considered a fruit (helicopters, acorns, dandelions)

Asexual Reproduction in plants Many plants can clone themselves called Vegetative Propagation Strawberry plants & other vine like plants send out runners, which grow into new plants Some plant clippings will grown into new plants A Potato will grow into a new plant

How Plants Grow Germination occurs when a seed sprouts Monocot have 1 seed leaf vs Dicot have 2 seed leaves Perennials – live several years, reproduce many times, woody plants are perennials Annuals – a plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season (grows, flowers, reproduces & then dies) Biennials – takes 2 growing seasons to complete, it reproduces in the 2nd growing season

How Plants Grow Primary Growth – makes a plant taller at roots & stems Secondary Growth – makes a plant wider or adds woody tissue Tree rings tell the age of a tree, each ring represents a growing season Vascular Cambium - area of the tree that makes more xylem & phloem & forms annual rings