Supergroup Rhizaria Supergroup Rhizaria Grouped based on molecular similarities not morphology (form and structures) All have Pseudopodia: extensions that bulge from cell surface Includes 3 groups: Forams Radiolarians Chlorarachniophytes

Supergroup Rhizaria Forams Foraminiferans (Forams) Latin foramen: little hole Tests: porus shell made of calcium carbonate Pseudopodia extend through the pores function in feeding, test formation, and feeding Most photoautotrophic (symbiotic zooxanthellae) Most are benthic but some planktonic

Supergroup Rhizaria Chlorarachniophytes Chlorarachniophytes Typically found in tropical oceans Mixotrophic: can ingest other microorganisms and able to carry out photosynthesis Pseudopodia extensions form a net to connect cells together and capture prey J. Archibald, 2004

Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians Radiolaria Delicate, intricately symmetrical internal skeletons made of silica Pseudopodia radiate from the central body and reinforced with microtubules Most heterotrophic, capturing smaller microorganisms with sticky pseudopodia Mostly marine

Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

Supergroup Archaeplastida Photosynthetic Can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular Contains 3 groups: Rhodophyta Green Algae Land Plants

Supergroup Archaeplastida Red Algae Rhodophytes Greek (rhodos = red) Abundant in warm coastal waters Since they absorb blue and green light they can be found relatively deep Also a small number of freshwater and terrestrial species Most multicellular Nori: crispy sheets of Porphyra sp. Used to wrap sushi Unlike other algae, they have no flagellated stages in their life cycles and depend on water currents to spread gametes www.fao.org, 2011 www.fao.org, 2011 Unknown original source, www.rebelliousarabgirl.net, 2011

Supergroup Archaeplastida Green Algae Chlorophytes Greek (chloro = green) Most species freshwater but some marine or terrestrial Simplest are unicellular like Chlamydomonas sp.which resemble the gametes of the more complex algae and plants Unknown original source, www.rebelliousarabgirl.net, 2011

Supergroup Archaeplastida Green Algae Chlorophytes Many of the unicellular chlorophytes exist as plankton or inhabit damp soil Some have even adapted to living in snow (‘watermelon snow’) Lars Jensen, University of Michigan, 2009

Supergroup Archaeplastida Green Algae Chlorophytes Larger size and greater complexity are present Complex life cycles with both sexual and asexual reproductive stages Reproduce sexually by means of biflagellated gametes Steve Trewhella, 2011

Supergroup Archaeplastida Green Algae Chlorophytes Caulerpa taxifolia, an invasive species in freshwater ecosystems of the US www.noaa.gov, 2011

Supergroup Archaeplastida Green Algae Chlorophytes

Supergroup Archaeplastida Green Algae Charophytes Closest relatives of land plants Schubert, Hendrik & Blindow, Irmgard, Charophytes of the Baltic Sea, Koeltz Scientific Books, Date ? Unknown original source, www.pbubuilder.org, 2011

Supergroup Unikonts Recently proposed, extremely diverse supergroup Two major groups: Amoebozoans (amoebas) Opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and closely related protists) Amoebozoans Includes amoebas such as: Mycetozoans Gymnamoebas Entaboebas

Supergroup Unikonts Amoebozoa Mycetozoans (slime molds) Produce fruiting bodies that aid in spore dispersal Two groups: Plasmodial slime molds Often brightly colored Cellular slime molds Unique in that they function individually until food runs out and they form a unit Pictured is Dog Vomit Slime Mold KeresHwn, wikicommons, 2011

Supergroup Unikonts Amoebozoa Gymnamoebas Live in soil as well as freshwater and marine environments Most are heterotrphic and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists Your typical amoeba Pictured is Dog Vomit Slime Mold Michael Gregory, Clinton Community College, 2011

Supergroup Unikonts Amoebozoa Entamoebas Parasites! Humans can be host to at least 6 species, but only one is pathogenic: E. histolytica Cause dysentery and responsible for up to 100,000 deaths a year Spread via contaminated water, food, and utensils (must be ingested) Wikipedia commons, 2011 Pictured is Dog Vomit Slime Mold www.disease-picture.com, 2011

Supergroup Unikonts Opisthokonts Opisthokonts Extremely diverse group including animals, fungi and several groups of protists Nucleariids: closely related to fungi Choanoflagellates: closely related to animals http://skepticwonder.fieldofscience.com, 2009 Pictured is Dog Vomit Slime Mold

Eukaryotes are divided into 5 supergroups Campbell, et al., Biology, Pearson, 2008 Eukaryotes are divided into 5 supergroups