Chapter 10 Section 1

 Aristotle called the shots  The Renaissance ◦ Scholars learned Latin and Greek ◦ Few began to question the old ways

 New problems required observation and measurement  New instruments Telescope and microscope  New advancements in Math ◦ Algebra ◦ Geometry

 Geocentric Theory ◦ Earth was unmoving object at center of universe ◦ Moon, sun, and planets move around earth ◦ Beyond planets lay sphere of fixed stars ◦ Heaven far beyond sphere

 Aristotle in 4 th century B.C.  Ptolemy in 2 nd century AD

 Christianity supported theory ◦ God created Man ◦ Man is most important creation ◦ Man is at the center ◦ To disagree is Blasphemy  Blasphemy is bad

 Nicolaus Copernicus ◦ On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies ◦ Stars, earth, and planets revolve around the Sun ◦ Contradicted religious views  Feared ridicule and persecution ◦ Didn’t publish findings until year before he died

 Johannes Kepler ◦ Laws of Planetary Motion ◦ Kepler’s First Law  Planetary orbits are elliptical  Sun at end of ellipse, not center

 Used telescope to observe planets  The Starry Messenger  Destroyed idea of heavenly objects as orbs of light

 Catholic Church ordered Galileo to abandon his ideas ◦ Threatened concept of the universe  Humans no longer center of universe  God no longer in specific place

 Galileo frightens Catholic and Protestant leaders ◦ Publicly silent but continues working  1632 –Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems ◦ Showed Galileo supported Copernicus’ theory ◦ Pope summoned him to Rome to stand trial

 1633 – reads confession ◦ Threatened w/torture ◦ Agreed ideas of Copernicus were false ◦ Lived under house arrest  Dies

 Wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy – the Principia  Laws of Motion  Universal Law of Gravitation  World-Machine concept

◦ Law of Universal Gravitation  Every object in universe attracts every other object  Degree of attraction depends on mass and distance between them  What’s it mean?

 Galen – Greek physician in A.D. 100s ◦ Teachings dominated Middle Ages ◦ Based on animal dissection  16 th Century scientists change ideas

 Andreas Vesalius ◦ Dissected human corpses ◦ On the Fabric of the Human Body ◦ Filled w/detailed drawings of organs, bones, and muscle

 William Harvey ◦ On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in America ◦ Heart acts as pump to circulate blood throughout the body

 Robert Boyle ◦ First scientist to conduct controlled experiments in chemistry ◦ Relationship between volume and pressure of gases  Antoine Levoisier ◦ System for naming chemical elements ◦ Founder of Modern Chemistry

 Scholarship was considered the domain of men ◦ Women belong at home with the children

 Margaret Cavendish ◦ Criticized belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature

 Women could be astronomers in Germany ◦ Worked with fathers and husbands  Maria Winkelmann ◦ Assisted her husband ◦ Discovered her own comet ◦ Denied astronomy post at Berlin Acadamy  They felt members would be appalled

 Rene Descartes ◦ Inspired by Scientific Revolution  Doubt and uncertainty everywhere ◦ Doubt inspired learning ◦ Cannot doubt existence  “I think, therefore I am” ◦ Mind cannot be doubted  Body and material world can be

 Mind cannot be doubted ◦ Body and material world can be  Mind and matter are completely separate ◦ Matter should be viewed as detached from the mind ◦ Investigated by reason  What does this all mean? ◦ Reason is chief source of knowledge

 Scientists should not rely on ancient authority  Scientific Method ◦ Step-by-step, repeatable process for collecting and analyzing data

 Developed by Francis Bacon ◦ Believed in use of inductive reasoning  Specific to the general  Free of opinion  Start with facts and proceed to general principles  Goal was to advance human life with new discoveries  Science could benefit industry, agriculture and trade