An Age of Explorations and Isolation Chapter 19 – 1400-1800 An Age of Explorations and Isolation

Section 1 – Europeans Explore the East

Europeans lead the Charge The Renaissance encouraged curiosity While Europeans knew of outside cultures prior to 1400, they had never shown much interest Reasons why that changes: Spread Christianity Grow wealthy sailing technology

Europeans cut out the middle man Trading spices and luxury goods had become a very profitable business in Europe Most of these items came from Asia Muslims and Italians controlled the trade routes and each hiked up their prices Needed a sea route directly to Asia

Technology and Sailing In the 1200s, it was nearly impossible to sail 3000 miles and then return to Europe Ships could not sail against the wind In the 1400s, technology finally changed that The caravel allowed sailors to go against the wind The astrolabe gave captains a way to track their position The magnetic compass made it possible to track direction

Portugal Leads the Way Already had a shipping tradition because of its location The government supported exploration Most support came from Prince Henry, who founded a navigation school By 1460, Portugal had a series of trading posts along the western coast of Africa While Bartolomeu Dias had rounded the southern tip of Africa, he immediately had to return, Vasco da Gama would finish the trip, finally reaching India

Spain Follows Portugal In 1492, Columbus convinced the Spanish thrown that he could get to Asia by going west Succeeds that same year in landing in the Caribbean, mistaking it for Asia The immediate result was increased tension between Spain and Portugal The Pope, seeking peace, brokered the Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided the Americas between Spain and Portugal

Building Trading Empires With a direct link to Asia, there was a rush to establish trading outposts Portugal led the way by eliminating Muslim control of India and then capturing port cities Results: Changed the trading powers (took it away from the Muslims and the Italians) Greatly decreased the cost of imported goods Opened European interest in the region

Other Nations Challenge for Power Around 1600, Spain, England, and the Dutch all sought to strengthen their control of the Indian Ocean trade network. France was involved by 1700 Despite the fact that most of these countries have numerous port cities in Asia, they did not have a major influence on the culture of the region

And now… Finish the Chapter 19 Vocabulary Quiz Wednesday Complete the Chapter 19 – Section 1 Worksheet (back of notes) Check grades Complete the last USA TEST PREP

Warm-up #13.1 (Ch. 19.1) Portugal It could sail against the wind Which country led the way in developing sailing technology in the 1400s? What made the caravel an important development? Which European explorer first sailed around the southern tip of Africa? What was the purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas? Portugal It could sail against the wind Bartolomeu Dias Avoid conflict over new lands

Section 2 China Limits European Contacts

Ming Dynasty Origins Began by Hongwu when he drove the Mongols out in 1368 Hongwu sought to return China to its traditional past, kicking out all traces of Mongol control Encouraged Confucian standards Used the civil service exam system Around 1400, Hongwu died, causing a power struggle that is eventually won by his son, Yonglo Yonglo continued his father’s policies + he had a curiosity of the outside world

Zheng He and the Voyages Ordered by Yonglo, admiral Zheng He will lead all seven of the Great Voyages Travelled from Southeast Asia to eastern Africa and carried everything a city would have (soldiers, carpenters, accountants, doctors, religious leaders) The missions displayed China’s great wealth but were deemed a waste of resources (cost) and stopped in 1433 (first voyage was in 1405)

Relations with Foreign Countries During the 1500s, the Ming Dynasty banned foreign trade Only the government was supposed to trade with foreigners (this created a huge black market) China will fail to industrialize Confucian morals did not approve of commerce Favored agriculture over manufacturing by taxing manufactured goods at a much higher rate

The Manchus By 1600, the Mings were losing control Northeast of the Great Wall lies Manchuria. In 1644, the people of the region take down the Ming Dynasty Established a Chinese Dynasty (Qing) that will rule until 1912

Establishing Control Initially, the Qing Dynasty was unpopular, being viewed as outsiders Eventually built up respect by upholding Chinese customs (Confucianism) and establishing peace and prosperity Kangxi will be the longest reigning emperor in history. Hugely popular, he will establish peace and stability in the region.

Qing vs European Influence Being the center of the universe, Chinese leaders required outsiders to follow their customs Portugal did this and had great success in China Great Britain had problems with Chinese restrictions and will lead European powers to chip away at the Qing powerhold

Life in China under the Ming and Qing With the discovery of irrigation and fertilizer around the 1600s, food production increased with led to the first population explosion in China Males become important to securing the families future Many female infants were killed

And now… Finish the Chapter 19 Vocabulary Quiz tomorrow Complete the Chapter 19 – Section 1 Worksheet (back of notes) Check grades Complete the last USA TEST PREP

Warm-up #13.2 (Ch. 19.2) Civilians could not trade with outsiders What was China’s trade policy in the 1500s? Who led the seven Chinese overseas explorations? How did Confucian ideals affect China’s development? Civilians could not trade with outsiders Zheng He It prevented industrialization

Section 3 Japan Returns to Isolation

Warring States Period From 1467-1568, Japan entered into a feudal period with lots of local lords (daimyo) preventing one central power Very similar to European Feudalism Daimyos built castles and had their own armies Daimyos fought battles against one another, creating a land of chaos WH - Chapter 19 Notes

Restoring Order Oda Nobunaga was the first Daimyo to succeed at dominating most of the other Daimyos. Ruled by force While he never succeeded at unifying all of Japan, he set a foundation for his general, Toyotomi Hideyoshi After controlling most of Japan, Hideyoshi he invaded Korea with the intention of going to China next. He died before that could happen.

Tokugawa Shogunate An ally of Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu unified all of Japan and became the sole ruler and founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate Local control still fell to the daimyos but Ieyasu used an “alternate attendance policy” to keep them in line. Every other year the daimyo had to spend in the capital Families must live in the capital at all times

Tokugawa Society Introduced stability, prosperity, and isolation to Japan More food led to an increase in population Society was extremely structured Emperor (figurehead) – shogun – daimyo – warriors – artisans/peasants (80%) – merchants (moved up as the economy grew) Confucian ideals were central to Japanese society Cities became more common Traditional entertainment began being challenged by new styles of literature and art Haikus (poetry) and kabuki theater became popular

Europe and Japan First interaction was with Portugal in 1543 as a result of a Portuguese shipwreck The Japanese were most interested in Portuguese firearms since they were in the middle of the Warring States Period In 1549, Christian missionaries began showing up Gained 300,000 converts by 1600 Fearing uprisings and political influence, Ieyasu banned Christianity A rebellion, led by many Christians, led to the persecution of Christians and the emphasis of Buddhism

Closed Country Policy Started with Christian but by 1639 applied to merchants as well. Still allowed for some trade with the Dutch and China For 200 years, nobody could get in or out of Japan

And now… Study for Chapter 19 Vocab Quiz Flashcards Complete the Chapter 19 – Section 3 Worksheet (back of notes) Chapter 20 Vocab Xword Complete the last USA TEST PREP

Chinese Europe Hongwu Ming Qing Yonglo Japanese Zheng He Kangxi Henry Da Gama Dias Japanese Hideyoshi Nobunaga