1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation Change: Pollen Records.

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Presentation transcript:

1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1

2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation Change: Pollen Records Nature and Scope of Ecology

3 Overview of Ecology Ecology: Study of relationships between organisms and the environment. Ecosystem: Includes all organisms living in an area, and the physical environment with which these organisms interact.  Biosphere: Highest level of ecological organization.

4

5 Fig. 1.1f 交互作用

6 Fig. 1.1h 個體

7 Fig. 1.1g 族群

8 Fig. 1.1e 群落

9 Fig. 1.1d 生態系

10 Fig. 1.1c 地景

11 Fig. 1.1b 地區

12 Fig. 1.1a 生物圈 Evolution (演化) : a process by which populations change over time

13 Ecology of Forest Birds MacArthur studied ecology of five species of warblers in spruce forests in N.A.  Theory predicted two species with identical ecological requirements could not coexist indefinitely.  Studies found warblers coexisted by feeding in different zones of the same tree.

14 Warbler Feeding Zones 栗頰林鶯橙胸林鶯 黑喉綠林鶯 栗胸林鶯黃腰白喉林鶯

15

16 Exploring the rain forest canopy

17 交喙鳥 山雀 五十雀雜色鶇 紅眼雀 知更鳥 郊狼

18 Forest Nutrient Budgets Due to heavy rainfall, many rainforest soils are nutrient-poor.  Nutrient stores in rainforest canopies are associated with epiphytes.  Epiphyte mats (附生植物厚墊) contain significant quantities of nutrients (養分).  Trees send roots up to epiphyte mats to access nutrients.

19 Forest Nutrient Budgets Likens and Bormann estimated 90% of nutrients in a New Hampshire forest were locked up in soil organic matter.  Approximately 9.5 % was tied up in vegetation.  Streamflow output amounted to < 1%.

20 Vegetation Change: Pollen Records Many environmental changes occur over large spatial or temporal scales. Davis monitored plant pollen deposited in lake sediments in the Appalachian Mtns.  Documented large temporal changes to nearby plant communities.

21 Vegetation History from Pollen Sediments 栗樹 山毛櫸 雲杉

22 Nature and Scope of Ecology Ecology: Study of relationships between organisms and the environment.  Wide variety of approaches.  Large temporal and spatial scales.  Field  Lab  Observational  Manipulative

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24 Review Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation Change: Pollen Records Nature and Scope of Ecology