Religion, Culture, & History

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Presentation transcript:

Religion, Culture, & History Ancient Egypt Religion, Culture, & History

Civilization Developed between 4000 & 3000 B.C.E. Golden Age: 3500-2500 B.C.E. Written Heritage: 3000 B.C.E. 1st great nation of the Western world

Hieroglyphics Picture-writing Symbols for meaning Separated Egypt from surrounding cultures

The Nile River

Religion Death and Rebirth/Flood Cycle (Osiris) Sun God (Re, or Ra) Temporary victories over evil -- never permanent (Set) Incest (Osiris & Isis) Fertility (Isis) Agriculture

Ma’at Concept of truth, balance, morality, order, and justice. Personified as goddess regulating stars, seasons, and actions of gods and men. Prevents the universe from returning to chaos. Her feather used to weigh hearts of the dead.

4 Creation Myths of Egypt

Why So Many? Significantly different from each other Each city had different patron deity, and thus different creation story Thousands of cities and villages = thousands of Egyptian deities

What They All Have In Common - Emerging from watery chaos -- Nun Nun: endless, formless deep that existed at the beginning of time and was the source of the nile “In the beginning when God created the heavens and the earth, the earth was a formless void and darkness covered the face of the deep, while a wind from God swept over the face of the waters.” --Genesis

Memphis Oldest Egyptian creation myth Ancient political capital of Egypt Creator god: Ptah Name “Egypt” came from Greek translation of his name

Ptah Chief deity of Memphis; god of craftsmen Creation by thought and word alone - “Through his heart and through his tongue.” Thinking heart (brain mere head- stuffing); through naming comes Ka Scholars today still argue about parallels to Genesis Greeks equated him with Hephaestus (Roman: Vulcan)

Hermopolis Greek name for Khemnu Prosperous city built in honor of Thoth Called Hermopolis because Greeks equated Thoth to Hermes Ogdoad -- Group of Eight

Thoth 4 couples of frog-headed gods/snake-headed goddesses Nun & Naunet: formless waters Heh & Hauhet: Infinity and the flood Kek and Kauket: Darkness Amun & Amaunet: Hidden Powers

Hermopolis, cont. After Ogdoad, sun god born. Re emerges from lotus flower on Nun 6 of 8 disappear; only Amun and Amaunet join other gods of Egypt

Elephantine Island -Focuses on making humans -Khnum: ancient ram-headed creator deity

Khnum Molded people on potter’s wheel Controlled Nile’s floodwaters Great fertility god

Heliopolis

Heliopolis Creation Myth Most significant creation story in Egypt Heliopolis: City of the Sun/ Modern-day Cairo 3000 B.C.E., unification of Upper and Lower Egypt Dominant myth prominent in Pyramid Texts Great infinite ocean -- Nun Atum: Lord and father of the gods/Simply came into being Stood on mound symbolic of land rising out of Nile

Atum Essence of Egypt: sun and water Benben: mound; meteorite venerated by Egyptians; believed to be solidified semen of Atum; inspiration for pyramids Creation through masturbation; swallows seed; sneezes out Shu & Tefnut (air and moisture) Great Ennead -- Nine major deities (Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Get, Nut, Osiris, Isis, Seth, Nephthys) Atum combines with Re to become Atum-Re/Atum-Ra