New Worlds: The Americas & Oceania Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

Colliding Worlds 1492: Europeans brings great change to Americas & Oceania 1492: Europeans brings great change to Americas & Oceania Taino people of Caribbean first to encounter Europeans Taino people of Caribbean first to encounter Europeans Island of Hispaniola becomes Spanish base of operations Island of Hispaniola becomes Spanish base of operations 1498: Santo Domingo becomes capital of Spanish Caribbean 1498: Santo Domingo becomes capital of Spanish Caribbean Spanish seek to mine gold, labor provided through encomienda Spanish seek to mine gold, labor provided through encomienda Tainos forced to work in mines, encomenderos look after workers Tainos forced to work in mines, encomenderos look after workers 1518: Smallpox arrives in Caribbean, Tainos decimated 1518: Smallpox arrives in Caribbean, Tainos decimated Discovery of gold and silver in Mexico & S. America shifts focus Discovery of gold and silver in Mexico & S. America shifts focus English, French, & Dutch come to Caribbean, start plantations English, French, & Dutch come to Caribbean, start plantations Lack of indigenous labor causes plantations to import African slaves Lack of indigenous labor causes plantations to import African slaves Caribbean society made of small European administrative class ruling over large African slave population farming cash crops Caribbean society made of small European administrative class ruling over large African slave population farming cash crops

Spain in the Americas Spanish focus on mainland after discovery of gold & silver Spanish focus on mainland after discovery of gold & silver Cortes & Pizarro conquer Mexico & Peru Cortes & Pizarro conquer Mexico & Peru Establish control on own authority, give power to soldiers Establish control on own authority, give power to soldiers Spanish monarchy eventually establishes control over lands Spanish monarchy eventually establishes control over lands Bureaucrats take control of governance from conquistadores Bureaucrats take control of governance from conquistadores Viceroyalties of New Spain (Mexico) & New Castile (Peru) Viceroyalties of New Spain (Mexico) & New Castile (Peru) Capital of New Spain at Tenochtitlan, New Castile’s at Lima Capital of New Spain at Tenochtitlan, New Castile’s at Lima New Spain stretches from Mexico City to St. Augustine, FL (1565) New Spain stretches from Mexico City to St. Augustine, FL (1565) New Castile from Panama (1519) to Concepcion (1550) & B.A. (1536) New Castile from Panama (1519) to Concepcion (1550) & B.A. (1536) Viceroys answered to Spanish king, rule vast territories Viceroys answered to Spanish king, rule vast territories Audiencias check power of the viceroys, administer rule of small area Audiencias check power of the viceroys, administer rule of small area

Portugal in the Americas Treaty of Tordesillas gives Portugal small area of Americas Treaty of Tordesillas gives Portugal small area of Americas Named Brazil after the brazilwood trees found on coast Named Brazil after the brazilwood trees found on coast Pedro Alvares de Cabral finds Brazil in 1500, does not stay Pedro Alvares de Cabral finds Brazil in 1500, does not stay French and Dutch explore Brazilian coast, Portuguese lay claim French and Dutch explore Brazilian coast, Portuguese lay claim Portuguese king grants land to nobility to colonize Portuguese king grants land to nobility to colonize Portuguese nobility copy success of African sugar plantations Portuguese nobility copy success of African sugar plantations Amazon remains mostly indigenous, no food/mineral surplus Amazon remains mostly indigenous, no food/mineral surplus

North America Spanish explore north of Florida, establish missions Spanish explore north of Florida, establish missions English, French, & Dutch fishermen dislodge Spanish English, French, & Dutch fishermen dislodge Spanish French settle in Nova Scotia (1604) and Quebec (1608) French settle in Nova Scotia (1604) and Quebec (1608) French migrants settle in eastern Canada French migrants settle in eastern Canada Explore/trade along St. Lawrence, Ohio, Mississippi rivers Explore/trade along St. Lawrence, Ohio, Mississippi rivers Build forts along rivers all the way down to Gulf of Mexico Build forts along rivers all the way down to Gulf of Mexico English settle in Jamestown, VA (1607) & Massachusetts (1630) English settle in Jamestown, VA (1607) & Massachusetts (1630) Dutch settle New Amsterdam (1623), English seize in 1664 Dutch settle New Amsterdam (1623), English seize in 1664

French & English Colonial Models Private investors take lead in French & English colonies Private investors take lead in French & English colonies Investors provide money for establishment, retain more control Investors provide money for establishment, retain more control English colonies establish legislatures, councils, gov’t institutions English colonies establish legislatures, councils, gov’t institutions Still under loose royal rule, but responsible for self government Still under loose royal rule, but responsible for self government Virginia House of Burges Virginia House of Burges French & English do not enslave indigenous peoples French & English do not enslave indigenous peoples Large number of migrants displace natives from hunting lands Large number of migrants displace natives from hunting lands Indentured Servants Indentured Servants English, French, Dutch, German, & Irish migrants est. farms English, French, Dutch, German, & Irish migrants est. farms English lay legal claim to farmlands through treaties with natives English lay legal claim to farmlands through treaties with natives Natives raid English farms, English retaliated violently Natives raid English farms, English retaliated violently Native population of N. America severely diminished Native population of N. America severely diminished

Colonial Society In Latin America Creoles: European whites born in America Creoles: European whites born in America As small number of whites, mix with indigenous majority, then Africans, new races/ethnicities emerge As small number of whites, mix with indigenous majority, then Africans, new races/ethnicities emerge Mestizos : mixed white and native Mestizos : mixed white and native Mulattos: mixed white and black Mulattos: mixed white and black Castas Castas

English & French North America English & French colonization takes place later English & French colonization takes place later Europe wealthier, not religiously united Europe wealthier, not religiously united Colonization by companies, not military Colonization by companies, not military Jamestown, tobacco, men brought to work Jamestown, tobacco, men brought to work Indentured servants Indentured servants House of Burgesses House of Burgesses Slave labor Slave labor Division of the Carolinas, North from VA, South from Caribbean (Barbados) Division of the Carolinas, North from VA, South from Caribbean (Barbados) New England settled by religious Puritan pilgrims New England settled by religious Puritan pilgrims Skills based economy, settled by families Skills based economy, settled by families Mid-Atlantic colonies become commercial hub Mid-Atlantic colonies become commercial hub New Netherlands’s (NY) treaty with Iroquois Confederacy New Netherlands’s (NY) treaty with Iroquois Confederacy Penn’s open market, Philly surpasses Boston as largest city Penn’s open market, Philly surpasses Boston as largest city New France’s fur trade protected by loose network of forts New France’s fur trade protected by loose network of forts

Changes In The Colonies Bourbon kings reorganize Spanish gov’t Bourbon kings reorganize Spanish gov’t Pop. of Spanish Empire booms Pop. of Spanish Empire booms Shift from mining economy to cattle Shift from mining economy to cattle Rebellions, increased militarization to face English Rebellions, increased militarization to face English England limits colonial trade and production England limits colonial trade and production Bad for business back home Bad for business back home Expensive wars against France and Spain paid for by colonies, colonists do not like increased royal control Expensive wars against France and Spain paid for by colonies, colonists do not like increased royal control

Europeans in Oceania Australia: terra australis incognita Australia: terra australis incognita s: Dutch chart Australia s: Dutch chart Australia Dutch make limited landfalls, encounters with people Dutch make limited landfalls, encounters with people 1770: Captain Cook charts the eastern shore 1770: Captain Cook charts the eastern shore English establish a penal colony on the continent English establish a penal colony on the continent Migrants continue throughout nineteenth and twentieth centuries Migrants continue throughout nineteenth and twentieth centuries Spanish mariners explore the Pacific (Magellan) Spanish mariners explore the Pacific (Magellan) Spanish colonize Philippines and Guam Spanish colonize Philippines and Guam 1778: Captain Cook stops in Hawaii while looking for NWP 1778: Captain Cook stops in Hawaii while looking for NWP Recognizes Hawaiians as Polynesians, conducted trade Recognizes Hawaiians as Polynesians, conducted trade Crew transmits V.D. to Hawaiians, conflicts rise Crew transmits V.D. to Hawaiians, conflicts rise 1800s: Europeans and Euro-Americans found throughout Pacific 1800s: Europeans and Euro-Americans found throughout Pacific