Lecture 3 Data Representation. The Transition from Text-Based Computing to the Graphical OS In the early 1980’s desktop computers began to be introduced.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Information Representation
Advertisements

Technology ICT Option: Data Representation. Data Representation In our everyday lives, we communicate with each other using analogue data. This data takes.
Motivation Application driven -- VoD, Information on Demand (WWW), education, telemedicine, videoconference, videophone Storage capacity Large capacity.
Dale & Lewis Chapter 3 Data Representation. Representing color Similarly to how color is perceived in the human eye, color information is encoded in combinations.
Chapter 2 : Business Information Business Data Communications, 5e.
Copyright 2003 Monash University IMS5401 Web-based Information Systems Topic 2: Elements of the Web (d) Digital representation.
Data Representation CS105. Data Representation Types of data: – Numbers – Text – Audio – Images & Graphics – Video.
1 A Balanced Introduction to Computer Science, 2/E David Reed, Creighton University ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall ISBN Chapter 12 Data.
Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,
Representing Images. Goals for Image Representation digitization & resolution digitization & resolution representing color representing color color depth.
Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,
Digital Information Technology
Dale & Lewis Chapter 3 Data Representation
CS105 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER CONCEPTS DATA REPRESENTATION Instructor: Cuong (Charlie) Pham.
Media File Formats Jon Ivins, DMU. Text Files n Two types n 1. Plain text (unformatted) u ASCII Character set is most common u 7 bits are used u This.
Fundamentals Rawesak Tanawongsuwan
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Chapter 2 Data Representation.
Chapter 2 Data Representation. Define data types. Visualize how data are stored inside a computer. Understand the differences between text, numbers, images,
CPS120 Introduction to Computer Science Lecture 4
COMP Representing Sound in a ComputerSound Course book - pages
CSCI-235 Micro-Computers in Science Hardware Part II.
Computers and Scientific Thinking David Reed, Creighton University Data Representation 1.
Representing Nonnumeric Data Everything is really a number.
Chapter 11 Fluency with Information Technology 4 th edition by Lawrence Snyder (slides by Deborah Woodall : 1.
 Refers to sampling the gray/color level in the picture at MXN (M number of rows and N number of columns )array of points.  Once points are sampled,
Chapter 2 Computer Hardware
Data Representation CS280 – 09/13/05. Binary (from a Hacker’s dictionary) A base-2 numbering system with only two digits, 0 and 1, which is perfectly.
Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,
Chapter 3 Representation. Key Concepts Digital vs Analog How many bits? Some standard representations Compression Methods 3-2.
3-1 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with a vast array of information categories. Computers store, present, and help us modify.
Data Representation The method of data representation in a computer system depends upon the type of data which is being used. Three types of data are considered.
Common file formats  Lesson Objective: Understanding common file formats and their differences.  Learning Outcome:  Describe the type of files which.
Multimedia Specification Design and Production 2012 / Semester 1 / L3 Lecturer: Dr. Nikos Gazepidis
Digital Cameras And Digital Information. How a Camera works Light passes through the lens Shutter opens for an instant Film is exposed to light Film is.
Chapter 2 : Business Information Business Data Communications, 6e.
Introduction to Interactive Media 03: The Nature of Digital Media.
Information Processes and Technology Multimedia: Graphics.
Quiz # 1 Chapters 1,2, & 3.
Marwan Al-Namari 1 Digital Representations. Bits and Bytes Devices can only be in one of two states 0 or 1, yes or no, on or off, … Bit: a unit of data.
Media Types Information Systems can contain the following types of media: Sound, graphics, video & text.
CSCI-100 Introduction to Computing Hardware Part II.
The Digital Revolution Changing information. What is Digital?  Discrete values used for  Input  Processing  Transmission  Storage  Display  Derived.
Data Representation. What is data? Data is information that has been translated into a form that is more convenient to process As information take different.
Chapter 1 Background 1. In this lecture, you will find answers to these questions Computers store and transmit information using digital data. What exactly.
Chapter 03 Data Representation. 2 Chapter Goals Distinguish between analog and digital information Explain data compression and calculate compression.
COMP135/COMP535 Digital Multimedia, 2nd edition Nigel Chapman & Jenny Chapman Chapter 2 Lecture 2 – Digital Representations.
Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Compressing Files.
MULTIMEDIA Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer- controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation,
Image File Formats By Dr. Rajeev Srivastava 1. Image File Formats Header and Image data. A typical image file format contains two fields namely Dr. Rajeev.
1 What is Multimedia? Multimedia can have a many definitions Multimedia means that computer information can be represented through media types: – Text.
Introduction to Interactive Media Interactive Media Raw Materials: Digital Data.
Graphics and Image Data Representations 1. Q1 How images are represented in a computer system? 2.
Information Systems Design and Development Media Types Computing Science.
1 Part A Multimedia Production Chapter 2 Multimedia Basics Digitization, Coding-decoding and Compression Information and Communication Technology.
Software Design and Development Storing Data Part 2 Text, sound and video Computing Science.
CC111 Lec#2 The System Unit The System Unit: Processing and Memory Lecture 2 Binary System.
Data Representation. In our everyday lives, we communicate with each other using analogue data. This data takes the form of: Sound Images Letters Numbers.
Data Representation.
DIGITAL MEDIA FOUNDATIONS
GCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE Topic 3 - Data 3.2 Data Representation.
Data Representation.
Everything is a number Everything in a computer memory and on storages is a number. Number  Number Characters  Number by ASCII code Sounds  Number.
Level 3 Extended Diploma Unit 19 Computer Systems Architecture
Level 3 Extended Diploma Unit 19 Computer Systems Architecture
Multimedia: Digitised Sound Data
Web Design and Development
Ch2: Data Representation
Computer Systems – Unit 1
UNIT IV.
Chapter 2 Data Representation.
Presentation transcript:

Lecture 3 Data Representation

The Transition from Text-Based Computing to the Graphical OS In the early 1980’s desktop computers began to be introduced with GUI Operating Systems. The Apple Lisa and Macintosh as well as Microsoft’s Windows OS replaced typed (text only) commands for file and software application management with more user-friendly graphical manipulations with a new type of controller, the mouse. Using the mouse a user could move a file into a directory by clicking and dragging a graphical image of a file into the graphical image of a folder. These graphical images are associated with the files and directories they represent by standard commands of the OS that have been hidden from the user (this is call abstraction).

The history of Windows dates back to September 1981, when Chase Bishop, a computer scientist, designed the first model of an electronic device and project called “Interface Manager”. It’s name was later changed to “Windows” and was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Apple Macintosh). The first version of the Windows OS was not released until November Origin of the Windows Operating System

Data and Computers Numbers – (e.g. integers, floating-point) Numbers are jut numeric values, but when associated with particular units e.g. position (latitude and longitude), dates and times or other physical units of measure, computers enable disciplines like Graphical Information Systems. Text – By the Fall of 1994 it is estimated that more textual information was being stored electronically than in all the printed documents on the planet. Over the past 20 years the amount of electronic-only information has continued to grow exponentially. Audio – Various encoding schemes have come into common use for digitizing, capturing, copying and replaying music and other.sources of sound information. These digital formats include MP3, WAV, and FLAC. Images – There are many different formats for Graphics – Pixel based and Vector based representations are two different ways to store and manipulate drawings and other types of graphics data. In addition to lines and common graphics shapes, there are graphics formats for displaying textual characters (see TrueType fonts). Video – Videos are the most demanding forms of data with respect to storage and bandwidth requirements. A combination of sound and images being displayed at 30 frames per second or higher with each frame an image that could be several megabytes in size can quickly overwhelm a computer or network. Special video COmpression/DECompression techniques called CODECs have been devised to reduce the required storage space and network bandwidth needed to save and transmit video.

Data Compression Data Compression is the process of reducing the amount of space needed to store a piece of data. A data compression technique can be lossless, which means the data can be retrieved without losing any of the original information. Or it can be lossy, in which case some information is lost in the process of compaction. The compression ratio gives an indication of how much compression occurs. The compression ratio is the size of the compressed data divided by the size of the original data. bitmap (bmp) 790 Kbytes no compression Jpeg (jpg) 30 Kbytes.038 compression ratio Graphics Interchange Format (gif) 96 Kbytes.122 compression ratio

Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) GIF is referred to as a lossless compression technique. However this is only after the image has been reduced to the most prevalent 256 colors. This reduction of 24 bit color down to an index of the top 256 can significantly degrade the image if it is comprised of many different colors.

Analog vs Digital Information Analog data can be represented as a voltage level in an electric circuit, as an intensity of light, a strengh of a magnetic domain on a magnetic tape or any smoothly varying signal. Digital data are collections of (usually binary) numeric values. Digitization is the process of converting an analog signal into a collection of discrete sample values. The number of samples taken per second is the temporal resolution while the number of steps in the amplitude of the signal samples is the depth or precision of the samples. There is a fixed level of ( discretization ) error created by the digitization process. However once a signal has been digitized it can be reproduced indefinitely without further degradation. Alternatively, each time an analog copy is made from another analog copy more noise is induced in the copied signal. Everything's a copy of a copy of a copy.

Unicode and ASCII Code no parent Computer languages support the use of ASCII and Unicode. These are encoding schemes for the storage and display of characters from a set of symbols. The ASCII encodes 128 english letters, digits 0 through 9 and a variety of special marks and or commands for placement of the cursor on a textual display. The extended ASCII character set uses a byte (8 bits) per symbol. Unicode is a 16-bit encoding that can represent many more characters in a wide range of languages.

Samples of Unicode

Text Compression Alphabetic information (text) is a fundamental type of data. Therefore, it is important that we find ways to store text efficiently and transmit text efficiently between one computer and another. Our textbook examines three types of text compression: In run-length encoding, a sequence of repeated characters is replaced by a flag character, followed by the repeated character, followed by a single digit that indicates how many times the character is repeated. For example, consider the following string of seven repeated ‘A’ characters: AAAAAAA If we use the ‘*’ character as our flag, this string would be encoded as: *A7 Keyword EncodingRun-Length Encoding An important characteristic of any Huffman encoding is that no bit string used to represent a character is the prefix of any other bit string used to represent a character Huffman Encoding Common words are encoded using special symbols or other shorter representations.

Digitizing Audio Signals Choosing the number of bits for each sample determines the discretization level or depth of the signal. In this example we have 12 levels between 0 and the maximum amplitude so we will need a minimum of 4 bits per sample. If we assume that we are sampling at a rate of 22,000 samples per second (i.e. 22KHz) then the forty samples above cover a total time interval of 1/22,000 x 40 = 1.8 milliseconds. A three minute song would therefore require 3 x 60 x 22,000 = 3,960,000 samples of 4 bits each or Mbits = 1.98 Mbytes to store the music file in a raw (i.e. uncompressed) format.

Representing Images RED GREEN BLUE

Pixels in a Digitized Image pixel

Graphics Formats Raster (or pixel) graphics are fixed resolution bitmaps. Vector graphics are mathematical descriptions of shapes that are scalable.

Napster In 1999, Shawn Fanning launched a file-sharing program that took the music industry by storm, rapidly gaining the praise of millions and the criticism of many. Nineteen-year-old Shawn had only recently dropped out of his first year at Northeastern University to pursue a solution to the difficulty of downloading and exchanging music over the Net. With the support of his uncle, Shawn tackled this problem with dedication and ingenuity and, in a few months, developed an answer. Shawn wrote source code that wove together a search engine, file sharing, and Internet Relay Chat, making it possible for anyone to easily access and trade music files.