Unit One – Scientific Thinking and Connections in Biology Science answers The WHY and HOW of the world

Warm-up #1 Aug. 28th Copy the steps and come up with an example for each. Get out your: composition books signed policies procedures handbook money

1.1 What is Science? Science is NOT just a collection of facts, concepts and useful ideas, but rather a method of investigating nature and discovering reliable knowledge. Reliable knowledge is knowledge that has a high probability of being true because it has been justified by a reliable method.

There are three critical components to reliable scientific/critical thinking. The use of empirical evidence – evidence you can experience (see, hear, etc) and that can be repeated, versus circumstantial evidence, testimonial evidence and authoritarian evidence The practice of logical reasoning – requires careful analysis of evidence before: Deductive reasoning – drawing conclusions based on evidence Inductive reasoning – expanding on conclusions The use of skepticism – constant questioning of the source and reliability of your beliefs and conclusions, holding beliefs tentatively, requiring adequate evidence or reason (Schafersman, 1997).

Summary and example: The Scientific Method collects data using the critical analysis traits that scientists value. Summary and example: Summary and example: Summary and example: Summary and example: Summary and example:

Control Group Warm-up August 29 #2 Independent variable Vs. Independent variable (IV) is the one changing factor in an experiment. The dependent variable (DV) is the measureable results of the change Control Group Group that is NOT being tested with the independent variable. Often set up with NORMAL conditions and WITHOUT the tested variable. Acts as a STANDARD of COMPARISON to see if the variable really does have an effect. Marissa is testing if cherry, orange, or plain alkasetlzer tablets will dissolve the fastest in room temperature water.

What does Biology study What does Biology study? Science is divided into disciplines that examine different components of the natural world. Biology is the study of life.   The smallest unit of life is a cell. Some organisms are multi-cellular and consist of tissues, organs and organ systems. In order to understand cells, we need to know what they are made of. EVERYTHING, living or non-living is made of matter. The smallest unit of matter is an atom.   Multiple atoms are held together by bonds to form both small and large molecules.

The matter in the universe is arranged in repeating units that give each set of matter unique characteristics. All matter is composed of atoms of elements. Important elements to life include Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Other important elements are abbreviated as CHNOPS.

These elements bond together by sharing electrons to form molecules. Molecules can be grouped as organic (contains CHO) or inorganic. The most important inorganic molecule is water. All life is carbon-based and there are four important organic macromolecules needed to build cells. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids. Summary:

Sharing Lab Results My group decided to test…….. Here is how we tested….. Our control was….. Our independent variable was…… After analyzing our data we found out that……. This (accepted or rejected) our hypothesis Our sources of error were……..

Warm-up # 3 August 30 “Testing the Greenhouse Effect” Discovery Education Watch the Mythbusters video: Watch the scientific process we discussed as you watch the video see if you can identify the following: Independent variable? Dependent variable? Control? Experimental groups? Constants? Good or bad experimental design? Explain WHY

Ticket out the Door 1. Explain what makes science RELIABLE. 2. A controlled experiment will only have ____ changing variable. 3. Maria tested the effect of different fertilizer on the growth of her grass. Independent variable? Dependent variable? Control? 4. What is the smallest unit of LIFE (it is considered to be LIVING)? 5. Why are buffers important in our body?

“giant molecules” made of hundreds to thousands of smaller molecules Warm-up Aug.31st #4 Buffer A chemical that is resistant to change in pH. These chemicals help regulate the pH in living things and maintain homeostasis. : Macromolecules “giant molecules” made of hundreds to thousands of smaller molecules

The “Core Four” Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

So what does our body break these organic molecules down into? http://kitses.com/animation/swfs/digestion.swf

Macromolecules (or polymers) are made of small repeating units called monomers (aka subunits). Your body needs these molecules to perform functions. Your source of these is the food you eat. It is possible to use chemistry to perform indicator tests to see if these macromolecules are found in a sample.

Carbohydrates are atoms of C, H, O arranged into a polygon monomer called a monosaccharide. Examples of small carbs are glucose and sucrose. These are quick energy sources for your cells. Examples of large carbs are starch and glycogen. These are longer energy because they are bigger.   Plants have a special carb called cellulose. This big carb provides support for plants as part of their cell wall.

Carbohydrates provide ENERGY through Cellular Respiration

Chemical Indicator Benedict’s indicates glucose is present by turning from blue to orange if boiled. Iodine indicates if starch is present by turning from yellow/orange to blue/black.

Monosaccharide Carbohydrate (polysaccharides) Warm-up Sept. 4th #5 A long chain of monosaccharides bonded together. Examples include glycogen, cellulose, and starch Monosaccharide The subunit of a carbohydrate. Example is glucose (DRAW a picture of a monosaccacharide) Which is the MONOMER? Which is the POLYMER?

Lipids are atoms of C, H, O arranged into a monomer called a triglyceride (glycerol and three fatty acids). Lipids have long tails called fatty acids. These can be saturated or unsaturated. Unsaturated fatty acids form kinks and are liquid at room temperature like plant oils.  

Lipids are important sources of long-term energy Lipids are important sources of long-term energy. They are often stored by animals and can serve as insulation and protection as well.  The most important type is a phospholipid. Phospholipids’ unique shapes form the cell membrane around the outside of EVERY cell.

Chemical Indicator for Lipids The indicator for lipids is a brown paper bag. Lipids get absorbed and leave a transparent spot.

Nucleic acids are atoms of CHNOP arranged into a 3-part monomer called a nucleotide. Nucleotides come in multiple different types and can store information in their sequence. Deoxyribonucleic acid (aka DNA) is a double strand of nucleotides that carries the code for cells to make their needed molecules like proteins. Ribonucleic acid (aka RNA) is a single strand of nucleotides that performs different jobs to help DNA make proteins.

Proteins are atoms of CHNOPS arranged into a monomer called an amino acid. Amino acids come in 20 different types and MUST go in the right order to form the right shaped protein.  

A protein’s shape is important to the job it performs A protein’s shape is important to the job it performs. There are 6 important jobs. Structure – like hair, nails, muscle Communication – like the hormone insulin Immune protection – like antibodies Absorb light – like melanin and chlorophyll Transport – like hemoglobin in your blood Enzymes – like catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Chemical Indicator for Protein Biurent indicates if protein is present by turning from blue to purple.

5 sentences using 5 vocabulary words for 5 minutes These four macromolecules are found in EVERY living thing on Earth. Cells make and break down these molecules as part of the cell’s regulation and homeostasis needed for survival. 5 for 5 for 5 5 sentences using 5 vocabulary words for 5 minutes Summary:

Examples include DNA and RNA Warm-up sept. 5th # 6 Protein Made of amino acids and perform many functions for living things. For instance they build certain parts of organisms (hair, nails, muscle) and they can be enzymes, which speed up reaction rates. What chemical indicator tests for the presence of proteins? How would we know protein is present? Nucleic Acid Made of nucleotides Functions are they determine our traits and help with the making of proteins. Examples include DNA and RNA

Organic Compound Progress Check 1. What elements would be found in an ORGANIC molecule? 2. Explain the difference between a polymer and a monomer. 3. A storage form of carbohydrate for plants is called _____, in animals extra carbohydrates are stored as ________. 4. What two organic molecules provide ENERGY? 5. The doubled stranded nucleic acid is _____. 6. The shape of a protein determines its ________. 7. The subunit of a carbohydrate is a __________. 8. The subunit of a lipid is ________ and ______ _____. 9. The subunit of a nucleic acid is a ____________. 10. The subunit of a protein is an ______ _____.

Regulating conditions is accomplished by through the use of enzymes Regulating conditions is accomplished by through the use of enzymes. Enzymes have 4 unique properties. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions (synthesizing- bringing substrates together, OR decomposition breaking one substrate down) by bringing substrates together, thus lowering the activation energy. Since enzymes are usually proteins, they are called organic catalysts. Enzymes have a specifically shaped active site that fits with only certain substrates.

Enzymes Functions Lowers Activation Energy (energy needed to start a reaction) Maintain homeostasis by catalyzing (speeding up) chemical reactions

Enzymes Enzymes are unchanged during the reaction, so they are reusable. Enzymes work at their optimum rate in only some conditions. Changes in pH, temperature and salinity can denature the enzyme or change its shape. Now the substrates don’t fit and the reaction doesn’t occur.

Synthesis Reaction + + Product Enzyme Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzyme

Decomposition Reaction Substrate Product 1 Product 2 + Enzyme Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Enzyme animations Mr. wannamaker

Enzyme Reaction Illustrations Follow the directions on the yellow sheet to complete the enzyme activity. Each group will turn in ONE poster, make sure everything is COLORED (enzyme yellow, substrates blue, products green), and LABELED All vocabulary, illustrations (draw once group poster is completed) and summary sentences should be completed in YOUR journal.

Substrate Enzyme Warm-up Sept. 5th A reaction starts with the substrate. During the reaction, it is changed and becomes the products. Enzyme A protein that is a biological catalyst and speeds up chemical reactions. An enzyme is shaped to fit with only one specific substrate. Three factors can affect enzymes: temperature, pH, and salinity.

Enzyme Reaction

Summary Enzyme Denature Protein Specific activation energy active site

Examples of Indicators: Indicators: Warm-up Sept. 7th # 8 Examples of Indicators: pH paper for acids and bases Iodine tests for starch Benedict’s tests for simple sugars (glucose) Biuret tests for proteins Brown paper bag tests for lipids Indicators: chemicals or tools that indicate a substance is present by changing color.

Check Yourself!! Check answers for pgs. 9-12 ---HONOR CODE! Take ONLY a colored pencil or highlighter to the lab station Correct your answers Write a total number missed beside your name

QUIZ Enzymes are which type of organic molecule? Enzymes speed up or ______________ chemical reactions by lowering the ___________ energy needed to start the reaction. If a proteins shape is changed it is said to have _____. List two conditions that can cause a protein to change shapes and no longer function. The iodine test indicates the presence of ______ by changing to a blue/black color. Biuret indicates the presence of protein by changing from blue to __________. How do we test for the presence of lipids? Benedicts solution tests for ________ by changing from blue to a red-orange color. Match each organic molecule with its correct monomer. 9. Carbohydrates a. triglyceride (glycerol and fatty acids) 10. Proteins b. monosaccharide 11. Lipids c. nucleotide 12. Nucleic Acids d. amino acid

To make, create, or build materials Warm-up Sept. 10 # 9 Synthesis To make, create, or build materials Organisms are constantly making (synthesizing) proteins that are essential to life Metabolism All chemical reactions occurring in an organism This includes building new molecules and breaking molecules down

Is it Living? From the list below, write down the things that you think are considered “living”. tree rock fire boy wind rabbit cloud grass seed egg bacteria cell molecule feather sun potato leaf fossil river butterfly mushroom Explain your thinking. What “rule” or reasoning did you use to decide if something could be considered living?

What characteristics make something LIVING??? 1.2 Living organisms share many characteristics, such as having enzymes. These characteristics can be described in many ways, but one method is to list all the processes that living organisms perform. What characteristics make something LIVING???

Synthesis – to make ; organisms build hair and nails (proteins!!)

Transport – to move; organisms move things within their body, like using blood

Excretion – to get rid of waste; organisms get rid of solid, liquid and gas waste

Regulation – to control; organisms control their body temperature

Nutrition – food source; organisms either make or consume food

Growth and development – to increase in size/change; multicellular organisms get bigger

Respiration – to break down sugars for energy; organisms all need energy in the form of ATP

Reproduction – to make more organisms; either asexually or sexually, organisms make offspring

Together these reactions and processes make up an organism’s metabolism. Summary:

STERNGRR is LIFE Use your notes from yesterday to explain the acronym Warm-up #10 STERNGRR is LIFE Use your notes from yesterday to explain the acronym

Living organisms share many characteristics, but they come in many different forms. Organisms can be grouped or classified into 6 main kingdoms based on their similarities and differences.

Eubacteria – a kingdom of simple unicellular organisms known as prokaryotes. These are the main bacteria you hear of like Staph, Strep and Salmonella. Archaebacteria– a kingdom of simple prokaryotic unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments. They are even found living in the Dead Sea!

Protists – a kingdom of complex cells with a nucleus, but some are unicellular, some are multi. These include algae and brain-eating amoebas!

Plantae – a kingdom of complex multicellular organisms who make their own food. They are divided into 4 main groups within this kingdom.

Fungi – a kingdom of complex organisms that consume their food extracellularly. These include mushrooms, molds and yeasts.

Animalia – a kingdom of complex organisms that move and consume food.   Some don’t fit…. Viruses!!! These organisms don’t have cells and don’t perform any of the life functions on their own. In order to survive, they must invade YOUR cells to reproduce!

Summary:

The 6 kingdoms of life are….. Warm-up Sept. 12 #11 The 6 kingdoms of life are….. From your notes yesterday, list and explain ONE thing about that kingdom that sets it apart from the rest.

STERNGRR Project Each group of 3 will be assigned a living organism You will need to research how that organism carries out each life process (STERNGRR) Create a powerpoint presentation with pictures and slides- follow the rubric Present – short 4 to 5 min. presentation

Review for Test Presentations Bio apps 1.2 Don’t forget Review Test tomorrow if multiple choice with a short answer essay. This test includes ALL topics covered in the notes for 1.1 and 1.2 (Scientific Method, Basic chemistry, organic chemistry, enzyme reactions, STERNGRR, life characteristics, 6 kingdoms of life)

Warm-up Sept. 13 #12 A picture is worth a thousand words! Using your knowledge of MACROMOLECULES and STERNGRR life functions to EXPLAIN (using vocabulary from this unit) the importance of the items pictured to OUR body.