1 Book Cover Here Chapter 23 TERRORISM AND URBAN DISORDER Criminal Investigation: A Method for Reconstructing the Past, 7 th Edition Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

2 Terrorism Terrorism investigations are much different than traditional types of investigations 9/11 changed everything Department of Homeland Security – Massive reorganization Focus on intelligence-gathering Massive training for state & local police – State and Local Anti-Terrorism Training (SLATT) program Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

3 Terrorism and Urban Disorder USA PATRIOT Act – grants expanded authority to law enforcement in terms of: – Gathering intelligence – Surveillance – Collection of information Internationally initiated and “homegrown” Suicide bombers Urban gangs Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

4 Terrorism Typology Violent political movements Single-issue or special-interest groups Racial, ethnic, or religious threats Global economic movements Hate groups and anti-immigration movements Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

5 Terrorism Terrorism … … is the unlawful use or threat of violence against persons or property to further political or social objectives. It is generally intended to intimidate or coerce a government, individuals or groups to modify their behavior or policies. (Vice President’s Task Force, 1986) Image Placeholder World Trade Center 9/11 Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

6 Types of Terrorist Activities Conspiracy Murder (assassination) Kidnapping Hijacking (skyjacking) Bombing/Arson Robbery and Extortion Manufacturing/possessing radiological, chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons or materials to make them Raising funds for terrorist groups cyber-attacks on computer/tech systems Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

7 Legal Aspects Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 Constraints on Intelligence-Gathering Activities Court Proceedings – Investigators need to pay close attention to: Rules of evidence Maintenance of detailed records Procedural requirements in case preparation Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

8 Terrorism Investigations Terrorist Suspects – Modus operandi – Suicide Bombers Physical Evidence – Weapons of Mass Destruction Nuclear Biological Chemical Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

9 Investigations Proactive Investigations – Information and Intelligence Psychological motives – Conducting the Investigation Reactive Investigations – Depending on the facts, interviews, and surveillance can yield further information that must be followed up on Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

10 Investigation Constraints First Amendment concerns Reasonable suspicion – The belief of a reasonably prudent person, based on specific, articulate facts, that an investigation is justified to determine if “probable cause” exists to issue a warrant, or to support some other appropriate police action USA PATRIOT Act Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

11 Types of Terrorism and Violent Groups Domestic Terrorist Groups – Left-wing extremists – Right-wing extremists (e.g., KKK) – Single-issue or special interest Ecological movements Animal rights Agro-terrorist Anti-abortion violent offenders Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

12 Urban Violence and Street Gang Investigations Gangs – Organizational structure – Cross-jurisdictional – Operations/activities Types of Attacks – Assassination – Kidnapping – Random violence Strategic Initiatives Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved