Industrialization The Industrial Revolution

Agriculture Cont…  Enclosure Enclosure: the process of taking over consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers Enclosure: the process of taking over consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers Sheep, wool output would increaseSheep, wool output would increase Costs of enclosure Costs of enclosure Farm laborers were out of workFarm laborers were out of work Small farmers forced off their landsSmall farmers forced off their lands Villages shrankVillages shrank Migrated to towns and cities Migrated to towns and cities Creation of large labor forceCreation of large labor force

Impact of Agricultural Revolution Population multiplies Population multiplies Great Britain: 5 million 1700 to 9 million in 1800 Great Britain: 5 million 1700 to 9 million in 1800 Europe went from 120 million to 180 million Europe went from 120 million to 180 million Why? Why? Agricultural revolution Agricultural revolution Reduced the risk of death from famine Reduced the risk of death from famine Surplus of food Surplus of food Ate better, become healthier Ate better, become healthier Improved medical care Improved medical care Slowed deaths from disease Slowed deaths from disease Creation of large cities Creation of large cities

Problems with Population Increases Thomas Malthus Effects of the population explosion – crowded slums, hungry families, unemployment, and widespread misery Effects of the population explosion – crowded slums, hungry families, unemployment, and widespread misery Concluded poverty was unavoidable Concluded poverty was unavoidable Population was increasing faster than food supply “the power of population is far greater than the power of the Earth to produce subsistence from man.” “the power of population is far greater than the power of the Earth to produce subsistence from man.” Malthus holds bleak view Malthus holds bleak view Checks on population growth were “natural methods” – war, disease, and famine Discouraged childbirth, charitable handouts, and vaccinations Discouraged childbirth, charitable handouts, and vaccinations

Dawn of the Industrial Age Life changes Simple cottages to urban housing Simple cottages to urban housing Firelight and candles to electricity Firelight and candles to electricity Exchange goods at a weekly outdoor market Exchange goods at a weekly outdoor market Hand-made tools to machines Hand-made tools to machines Buying and selling goods from companies Horse and cart or foot changes to rapid travel by train or steamship Horse and cart or foot changes to rapid travel by train or steamship Messages along telegraphs Messages along telegraphs Scientific firsts Scientific firsts American dentist used anesthetic American patented first sewing machine French physicist measured the speed of light Hungarian doctor introduces antiseptic methods Childbirth Childbirth Life changes Simple cottages to urban housing Simple cottages to urban housing Firelight and candles to electricity Firelight and candles to electricity Exchange goods at a weekly outdoor market Exchange goods at a weekly outdoor market Hand-made tools to machines Hand-made tools to machines Buying and selling goods from companies Horse and cart or foot changes to rapid travel by train or steamship Horse and cart or foot changes to rapid travel by train or steamship Messages along telegraphs Messages along telegraphs Scientific firsts Scientific firsts American dentist used anesthetic American patented first sewing machine French physicist measured the speed of light Hungarian doctor introduces antiseptic methods Childbirth Childbirth

Textile Industry Advances Cotton cloth from India becomes popular Putting-out system: Cottage Industry Putting-out system: Cottage Industry Raw cotton distributed to peasant families Spun into thread Spun into thread Wove the thread into cloth Wove the thread into cloth Dyed and finished the cloth Dyed and finished the cloth Too slow to keep up with the demand

Textile Industry Inventions Inventions in speed production John Kay: flying shuttle Outpaced spinners James Hargreaves: spinning jenny Richard Arkwright: water frame Spinning machine powered by water Spinning machine powered by water America was falling behind England Eli Whitney: cotton gin Separated the seed from the raw cotton Separated the seed from the raw cotton

Industrialization in Great Britain Begins in Great Britain 1780’s Begins in Great Britain 1780’s –Why Great Britain as the starting place? Agricultural changes –Expansion of farmland –Good weather –Improved transportation –New crops  Potato –Changes bring increased food supply  More food, lower prices, less labor Population growth –Large population and labor force brings new populations to cities and factories Ready supply of money (capital) –British people were wealthy  Entrepreneurs  New business opportunities, new profits (Enterprise) Natural resources were plentiful –Rivers provided water power and means of transportation –Coal and iron ore Supply of markets –Ready outlets for their goods –Vast colonial empire –British ships could transport anywhere