Special Lecture Stand Structural Diversity

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Presentation transcript:

Special Lecture Stand Structural Diversity Forest Mensuration II Special Lecture Stand Structural Diversity Silvicultural practices in North America have dramatically changed over last two centuries. Since European settlement, forest management practices have evolved from exploitation during 17 to 19 centuries, timber management in the twentieth century, and today’s ecosystem management. Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Biological Diversity Structure Genetic diversity Stand level diversity () Local landscape diversity () Regional diversity () Species richness Evenness CCFM. 2000. National Status -Criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management in Canada - show the report. Biodiversity refers to the variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes of which they are a part. They can be measured at ecosystem, species, and genetic levels. Ecosystem diversity describes the variety of ecosystems found in a landscape. This is often call beta diversity. Species diversity refers to the number and relative abundance of species found in an area. Genetic characteristics found within a species and among different species. Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Objectives Concepts Classification of stand structure Measures of stand structural diversity Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Stand structure attributes Living trees Snags, CWD Age Composition Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Stand structure Arrangement of trees in space Vertical horizontal Stand structural diversity-Variability among trees vertically and horizontally within a stand Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Why stand structural diversity? Ecological A measure of biodiversity Wildlife habitat Ecosystem process (e.g., productivity) Social Visual quality Management - structure based Special lecture FORE 3128

Vertical structure Single-storied/ normal Multi-storied/ irregular Frequency (stems/ha) Single-storied/ normal Multi-storied/ irregular Multi-storied/ inverse J Two-storied/ bimodal Special lecture FORE 3128 Smith et al. 1997 Special lecture

Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Measures of vertical structural diversity Shannon-Weiner index (H´) Variance of tree size (S2) Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Shannon-Weiner index (H´) Stand A Stand B P1 P2 0.9 0.1 0.5 Example Stand C 0.33 0.34 P3 0.33 0.69 H’ 1.10 Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Shannon-Weiner index (H´) Frequency (stems/ha) Shannon-Weiner index (H´) DBH Proportion (Freq.) DBH Proportion (BA) Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Variance of tree size Frequency DBH Frequency Special lecture (stems/ha) Variance of tree size DBH Frequency Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Horizontal structure Stand 1 Stand 2 Stand 3 Random Clumped (aggregate) Uniform Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Random Special lecture FORE 3128

Clumped Special lecture FORE 3128

Special lecture FORE 3128 Clumped

Uniform Special lecture FORE 3128

Measure of horizontal structure Clark and Evans’ test (C) Special lecture FORE 3128

Observed mean distance = (1.5+1.8+1.5+,,,)/15 = 1.493 m Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Expected mean distance Random (Poisson) distribution m Standard error m Special lecture FORE 3128

Clark and Evans’ test C Clumped Random Regular -1.96 1.96 -1.96 1.96 C Special lecture FORE 3128

Three-dimensional structure Special lecture FORE 3128

Structural complexity index (SCI) z x y z Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Problem with SCI Stand 1 Stand 2 Stand 3 Tree heights = 5 m Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Summary Concepts Classification of stand structure Vertical Horizontal Measures of stand structural diversity Shannon-Weiner index Variance of tree size Horizontal: Clark and Evans test Three-dimensional: SCI Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Possible research topics Does increasing structural diversity affect Stand productivity? Silvicultural feasibility? Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture

Special lecture FORE 3128

Special lecture FORE 3128

How do we measure landscape structural diversity? Special lecture FORE 3128

Criteria for Sustainable Forest Management Conserving Biological Diversity Maintenance and enhancement of Forest Ecosystem Condition and Productivity Conservation of Soil and Water Resources Forest Ecosystem Contributions to Globe Ecological Cycles Multiple Benefits to Society Accepting Society’s Responsibility for Sustainable Development Special lecture FORE 3128 Special lecture